科学美国人60秒 推翻罗伊诉韦德案的有害影响

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The Harmful Effects of Overturning Roe¹ v. Wade²

推翻罗伊诉韦德案的有害影响

Tanya Lewis: This is Scientific American’s 60-Second Science. I'm Tanya Lewis.

Tanya Lewis：这是《科学美国人》的60秒科学。我是坦娅·刘易斯。

On Monday a Supreme³ Court draft opinion was leaked, causing shockwaves. The opinion—if it’s officially adopted—will overturn Roe v. Wade, the landmark⁴ 1973 ruling that guarantees the right to an abortion⁵. Even though experts were expecting this outcome, the leaked opinion still came as something of a surprise.

周一，最高法院的一份意见草案被泄露，引发了轩然大波。如果该意见被正式采纳，它将推翻1973年具有里程碑意义的、保障堕胎权的罗伊诉韦德案。尽管专家们预计会有这样的结果，但泄露的意见仍然让人感到意外。

Diana Greene Foster: The callousness⁶ of the decision is kind of shocking, too..., the idea that the Constitution doesn’t protect people’s decision-making around something so fundamental as childbearing, when it has such huge impacts on their health and their ability to support themselves and their children.

戴安娜·格林·福斯特：这个决定的冷酷无情也有点令人震惊。。。，认为宪法没有保护人们在生育等基本问题上的决策权，而这对他们的健康以及他们养活自己和孩子的能力有着巨大的影响。

Lewis: That’s Diana Greene Foster, a professor of obstetrics, gynecology and reproductive sciences at the University of California, San Francisco. She led the Turnaway Study, a longitudinal study of nearly 1,000 women seeking abortions⁷ who either got them or were “turned away” because they were just past the gestational cutoff.

刘易斯：这位是戴安娜·格林·福斯特，旧金山加利福尼亚大学妇产科和生殖科学教授。她领导了“拒绝”研究，这是一项对近1000名寻求堕胎的女性进行的纵向研究，这些女性要么得到了堕胎，要么因为刚过妊娠截止日期而被“拒绝”。

Contrary to what some antiabortion activists⁸ say, getting an abortion did not harm women. In fact, women who were unable to access abortions were the ones who saw negative impacts, the study found.

与一些反堕胎活动人士所说的相反，堕胎并没有伤害女性。研究发现，事实上，无法堕胎的女性是那些看到负面影响的人。

Foster: What we see is very large health burdens, greater health risks for people who carry pregnancies⁹ to term. That's consistent with the medical literature. We see greater complications from childbirth than from abortion, and in fact, two women died after giving birth.

福斯特：我们看到的是非常大的健康负担，怀孕到足月的人面临更大的健康风险。这与医学文献一致。我们看到分娩的并发症比堕胎更严重，事实上，有两名妇女在分娩后死亡。

Lewis: But the impacts were not limited to health. Being denied an abortion also had long-lasting negative effects on families’ finances.

刘易斯：但影响不仅限于健康。被拒绝堕胎也会对家庭财务产生长期的负面影响。

Foster:  After one group gave birth, the people who received abortions and were denied abortions there, you can see in their credit records, you can see in their public financial records, that one group experienced greater bankruptcies¹⁰, evictions, greater debt than other people who received their wanted abortion.

福斯特：在一个群体出生后，在那里接受堕胎和被拒绝堕胎的人，你可以在他们的信用记录中看到，你可以在他们的公共财政记录中看到，一个群体经历了比其他想要堕胎的人更大的破产、驱逐和债务。

Lewis: Not being able to access an abortion and being forced to carry a pregnancy¹¹ to term resulted in worse outcomes for these women. I should note that the Turnaway Study specifically involved women, but of course not all people who get pregnant or seek abortions are women.

刘易斯：不能堕胎，被迫怀孕到足月，这些女性的结局更糟。我应该注意到，拒绝研究特别涉及女性，但当然不是所有怀孕或寻求堕胎的人都是女性。

And it’s not as though people who get abortions are fundamentally different from those who want kids. In fact, many of the women who sought abortions later had children when they were ready, and those children fared better and were more secure, Foster and her colleagues found.

而且，堕胎的人和想要孩子的人并没有本质上的区别。福斯特和她的同事们发现，事实上，许多寻求堕胎的女性在准备好后都生了孩子，这些孩子过得更好，也更安全。

Foster: When they go on and get an abortion and they go on and have a baby, we see those babies do better than children born because their mom was denied an abortion in terms of the mom’s emotional bond with the child, the kids’ economic well-being—the chance that they live in a house with just enough money to pay for food and health.

福斯特：当他们继续堕胎并生下一个孩子时，我们看到这些孩子比出生的孩子做得更好，因为他们的母亲被拒绝堕胎，因为母亲与孩子的情感纽带，孩子的经济福祉，以及他们住在一所房子里，有足够的钱支付食物和健康的机会。

Lewis: If the draft opinion becomes official, it will immediately open the door for states to pass laws to restrict or ban abortion outright¹². And in fact, 13 states already have so-called trigger laws that will take effect as soon as Roe is struck down. To get an abortion, pregnant people in these states will then have to travel out of state if they can afford to do so—or they will not be able to one. And the consequences for those who can’t get the care they want will be serious.

刘易斯：如果该意见草案成为正式文件，它将立即为各州通过法律以直接限制或禁止堕胎打开大门。事实上，13个州已经制定了所谓的触发法，一旦Roe被撤销，该法将立即生效。为了堕胎，这些州的孕妇如果负担得起的话，就必须出国旅行，否则就无法进行堕胎。对于那些无法得到他们想要的护理的人来说，后果将是严重的。

Foster: For people who are unable to get their abortion because the Supreme Court just lets states ban abortions, we’re going to see worse physical health, greater economic hardship, lower achievement of aspirational¹³ plans, kids raised in more precarious¹⁴ economic circumstances, and people’s lives upended.

福斯特：对于那些因为最高法院只允许各州禁止堕胎而无法堕胎的人，我们将看到更糟糕的身体健康、更大的经济困难、理想计划的实现率更低、在更不稳定的经济环境中抚养的孩子，以及人们的生活被颠覆。

Lewis: Another effect of overturning Roe is that fewer medical providers will be trained in providing abortions. In a study published in the journal Obstetrics & Gynecology in April, researchers found that about 45% of ob-gyn residency programs are in states that are certain or likely to ban abortion if the Supreme Court strikes down Roe. This means a similar percentage of ob-gyn residents wouldn’t be able to access abortion training.

刘易斯：推翻Roe的另一个影响是，接受堕胎培训的医疗提供者将减少。在4月发表在《产科与妇科学》杂志上的一项研究中，研究人员发现，如果最高法院推翻了Roe，大约45%的妇产科住院医师项目位于确定或可能禁止堕胎的州。这意味着同样比例的妇产科住院医师将无法接受堕胎培训。

Study co-author Jody Steinauer is a professor at U.C.S.F. and director of the Kenneth J. Ryan Residency Training Program in Abortion and Family Planning.

该研究的合著者乔迪·施泰诺尔是加州大学旧金山分校的教授，也是肯尼斯·J·瑞安堕胎和计划生育住院医师培训项目的主任。

Steinauer: Taking a step back…, medical students and nursing students have to be able to counsel people about their options for pregnancy, and, you know, now it’s going to be really important for all doctors, nurses and really any health care providers to be able to facilitate very quick referrals for people.

Steinauer：退一步…，医学生和护理专业的学生必须能够就他们的怀孕选择向人们提供咨询，而且，你知道，现在对于所有医生、护士和任何医疗保健提供者来说，能够为人们提供非常快的转诊是非常重要的。

So if someone’s in a state with a really early abortion gestational limit..., they’re gonna have to be referred really fast for care.

所以如果某人处于一个非常早期流产妊娠限制的状态。。。，他们必须尽快转诊接受治疗。

Lewis: And these laws don’t just matter for abortion—they also affect training for other skills, including managing miscarriages¹⁵.

刘易斯：这些法律不仅对堕胎很重要，还影响到其他技能的培训，包括流产管理。

According to Steinauer, national and international ob-gyn accreditation¹⁶ organizations require that providers know how to empty a uterus, and even if an individual doctor objects to abortion, they need to be able to do one in an emergency to save the parent’s life.

据Steinauer说，国家和国际妇产科认证组织要求提供者知道如何清空子宫，即使个别医生反对堕胎，他们也需要能够在紧急情况下做一个，以挽救父母的生命。

And this could be really important in states that are passing laws that restrict abortions even in the most extreme circumstances, such as rape¹⁷ or incest.

这对于那些，正在通过法律限制堕胎的州来说非常重要，即使在最极端的情况下，比如强奸或乱伦。

Steinauer: I’m really hopeful that what will happen is: all of these trigger laws that go into place, I’m hoping that they will not be able to be enforced without exceptions. Because if a state, let’s say, bans abortions except in very specific circumstances around saving the life of the pregnant person or maybe grave health consequences, then a lot of the clinics that currently provide care for people close, then we’re really going to need the hospitals and the practicing clinicians who do gynecology to basically step up to provide the legal abortions.

Steinauer：我真的很有希望，接下来会发生的事情是：所有这些即将生效的触发法律，我希望它们将无法毫无例外地得到执行。因为如果一个州，比方说，禁止堕胎，除非是在挽救孕妇生命或可能造成严重健康后果的非常特殊的情况下，那么许多目前为人们提供护理的诊所关闭了，那么我们真的需要医院和从事妇产科的临床医生基本上加快步伐，提供合法的堕胎。

1 roe   

n.鱼卵；獐鹿

参考例句：

• We will serve smoked cod's roe at the dinner.宴会上我们将上一道熏鳕鱼子。
• I'll scramble some eggs with roe?我用鱼籽炒几个鸡蛋好吗？

2 wade   

v.跋涉，涉水；n.跋涉

参考例句：

• We had to wade through the river to the opposite bank.我们只好涉水过河到对岸。
• We cannot but wade across the river.我们只好趟水过去。

3 supreme   

adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的

参考例句：

• It was the supreme moment in his life.那是他一生中最重要的时刻。
• He handed up the indictment to the supreme court.他把起诉书送交最高法院。

4 landmark   

n.陆标，划时代的事，地界标

参考例句：

• The Russian Revolution represents a landmark in world history.俄国革命是世界历史上的一个里程碑。
• The tower was once a landmark for ships.这座塔曾是船只的陆标。

5 abortion   

n.流产，堕胎

参考例句：

• She had an abortion at the women's health clinic.她在妇女保健医院做了流产手术。
• A number of considerations have led her to have a wilful abortion.多种考虑使她执意堕胎。

6 callousness   

参考例句：

• He remembered with what callousness he had watched her. 他记得自己以何等无情的态度瞧着她。 来自辞典例句
• She also lacks the callousness required of a truly great leader. 她还缺乏一个真正伟大领袖所应具备的铁石心肠。 来自辞典例句

7 abortions   

n.小产( abortion的名词复数 )；小产胎儿；（计划）等中止或夭折；败育

参考例句：

• The Venerable Master: By not having abortions, by not killing living beings. 上人：不堕胎、不杀生。 来自互联网
• Conclusion Chromosome abnormality is one of the causes of spontaneous abortions. 结论：染色体异常是导致反复自然流产的原因之一。 来自互联网

8 activists   

n.（政治活动的）积极分子，活动家( activist的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• His research work was attacked by animal rights activists . 他的研究受到了动物权益维护者的抨击。
• Party activists with lower middle class pedigrees are numerous. 党的激进分子中有很多出身于中产阶级下层。 来自《简明英汉词典》

9 pregnancies   

怀孕，妊娠( pregnancy的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Since the wartime population needed replenishment, pregnancies were a good sign. 最后一桩倒不失为好现象，战时人口正该补充。
• She's had three pregnancies in four years. 她在四年中怀孕叁次。

10 bankruptcies   

n.破产( bankruptcy的名词复数 )；倒闭；彻底失败；（名誉等的）完全丧失

参考例句：

• It's a matter of record that there were ten bankruptcies in the town last year. 去年这个城市有十家破产是事实。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Business bankruptcies rose 50 percent over the previous year. 破产企业的数量比前一年增加５０％。 来自英汉非文学 - 政府文件

11 pregnancy   

n.怀孕，怀孕期

参考例句：

• Early pregnancy is often accompanied by nausea.怀孕早期常有恶心的现象。
• Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of miscarriage.怀孕期吸烟会增加流产的危险。

12 outright   

adv.坦率地；彻底地；立即；adj.无疑的；彻底的

参考例句：

• If you have a complaint you should tell me outright.如果你有不满意的事，你应该直率地对我说。
• You should persuade her to marry you outright.你应该彻底劝服她嫁给你。

13 aspirational   

志同的，有抱负的

参考例句：

• Most of the images that bombard us all are aspirational. 轰击的图像，我们都期望最大。
• Analysts said self-help and aspirational reading could explain India's high figures. 分析师们指出，自助读书、热爱读书是印度人均读书时间超过别的国家的主要原因。

14 precarious   

adj.不安定的，靠不住的；根据不足的

参考例句：

• Our financial situation had become precarious.我们的财务状况已变得不稳定了。
• He earned a precarious living as an artist.作为一个艺术家，他过得是朝不保夕的生活。

15 miscarriages   

流产( miscarriage的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Miscarriages are usually caused by abnormal chromosome patterns in the fetus. 流产通常是因为胎儿的染色体异常造成的。
• Criminals go unpunishedareconvicted and are miscarriages of justice. 罪犯会逍遥法外，法律会伤及无辜，审判不公时有发生。

16 accreditation   

n.委派，信赖，鉴定合格

参考例句：

• a letter of accreditation 一份合格证明书
• This paper gives an overview of the Verification, Validation and Accreditation (VV&A) in High Level Architecture(HLA). 对基于高层体系结构(High Level Architecture,简称HLA)的仿真系统的校核、验证与确认(Verification, Validation and Accreditation,简称VV&A)问题进行了详细的介绍及分析。 来自互联网

17 rape   

n.抢夺，掠夺，强奸；vt.掠夺，抢夺，强奸

参考例句：

• The rape of the countryside had a profound ravage on them.对乡村的掠夺给他们造成严重创伤。
• He was brought to court and charged with rape.他被带到法庭并被指控犯有强奸罪。