走进剑桥大学 第2期:城市与大学

 Town and Gown

城市与大学

Unlike the universities in China, Cambridge University has no fence or gate at all, but with its colleges scattering¹ around the Cambridge city. There is nothing to feel surprised about if you get to know how the medieval universities came into existence.

与中国的大学不同，剑桥大学既没有围墙，也没有大门，它的各个学院零散地分布在剑桥市的各个角落，当你了解了中世纪时期大学的形成过程,你就不会感到奇怪了。

Nearly all the medieval universities were founded without physical campuses. The masters simply rented lecture halls in the host cities. Early on there were few Identifiable campus buildings. Most students took lodging² in the university towns. The scholars often congregated³ in identifiable areas of cities. Thus, the medieval institutions were more integrated into the cities than in the case of the Academy.

几乎所有的中世纪大学都没有固定的校园。教师们通常只是租用城市的厅堂来进行授课。早期属于学校的建筑寥寥无几，大多数学生都居住在大学所在的市镇里。学者们常常在城市某个特定地点集会。所以在中世纪时期，大学与城市结合得更加紧密， 而不仅仅是一个作学问的高等学府。

Over the centuries, the relationship between town and gown has remained ambivalent⁴ and the University at Cambridge owes much to “town and gown” troubles at Oxford⁵ University. In 1209 scholars and masters escaping troubles between the university and townsfolk in Oxford began arriving in Cambridge. By 1226 the scholars had organized them-selves, offered regular courses of study, and named a Chancellor⁶ to lead them.

几个世纪以来，市镇和大学的关系都比较紧张，剑桥大学的形成就是牛津大学城市镇和大学之间矛盾激化的结果。1209年，一些牛津的学者和教师为了躲避纠纷，来到了剑桥。从1226年开始，这些学者们开始有组织地进行授课，还任命了一位校长来进行领导。

The first great boost to the formation of a university came from Henry III，who gave the scholars his support as early as 1231. Henry decreed that only students studying under a recognized Master were allowed to remain in Cambridge.

剑桥大学的第一次大发展要归功于亨利三世。早在1231年，他就表示了自己对学者们的支持。他还颁布法令，只有从师于剑桥正式导师的学生才可以留在剑桥。

Like Oxford, Cambridge experienced a fair share of trouble between townsfolk and scholars. Both sides were protective of their unique rights and privileges. Later, the tension between the scholars at Cambridge and the towns people forced the King to grant special privileges and protection to Cambridge University, which helped enormously in the survival and future success of the University. For example, The university had the right to enforce laws regulating the quality of bread and ale sold in the town, and to monitor rates charged for food, fuel, and candles.

和牛津一样，剑桥也经历过一段市民与学者的纷争。双方互不相让，都努力维护自己的利益和特权。之后，剑桥市的学者和民众之间的矛盾愈演愈烈，国王不得不亲自出面授予大学一些特权来保护它，所以日后才有了剑桥大学的繁荣和成就。例如，大学有权执行法令来限定麦芽酒的销售、规定面包的质量，监察食物、燃料和蜡烛的价格。

In 1381 tension between the town and university exploded into violence, with attacks on university property throughout Cambridge. The result was that even more civil authority was awarded to the University Chancellor. Late until early in the 21th Century, the Blair Government has taken the last privilege of Cambridge.

1381年，市镇和大学的矛盾空前激化，发生了暴动，大学遭到袭击。结果，大学反而被赋予了更多的特权。直到21世纪初,布莱尔政府才取消了剑桥大学最后的特权。

Eight centries elapsed in a flash, the relationship between town and gown in Cambridge has been closer and more harmonious⁷ than ever.

转眼间，8个世纪过去了，剑桥的市镇和大学之间的联系更加紧密，关系也愈加和谐。

1 scattering   

n.[物]散射；散乱，分散；在媒介质中的散播adj.散乱的；分散在不同范围的；广泛扩散的；（选票）数量分散的v.散射(scatter的ing形式)；散布；驱散

参考例句：

• The child felle into a rage and began scattering its toys about. 这孩子突发狂怒，把玩具扔得满地都是。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The farmers are scattering seed. 农夫们在播种。 来自《简明英汉词典》

2 lodging   

n.寄宿，住所；(大学生的)校外宿舍

参考例句：

• The bill is inclusive of the food and lodging. 账单包括吃、住费用。
• Where can you find lodging for the night? 你今晚在哪里借宿?

3 congregated   

（使）集合，聚集( congregate的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• The crowds congregated in the town square to hear the mayor speak. 人群聚集到市镇广场上来听市长讲话。
• People quickly congregated round the speaker. 人们迅速围拢在演说者的周围。

4 ambivalent   

adj.含糊不定的；(态度等)矛盾的

参考例句：

• She remained ambivalent about her marriage.她对于自己的婚事仍然拿不定主意。
• Although she professed fear of the Russians,she seemed to have ambivalent feelings toward Philby himself.虽然她承认害怕俄国人，然而她似乎对菲尔比本人有一种矛盾的感情。

5 Oxford   

n.牛津（英国城市）

参考例句：

• At present he has become a Professor of Chemistry at Oxford.他现在已是牛津大学的化学教授了。
• This is where the road to Oxford joins the road to London.这是去牛津的路与去伦敦的路的汇合处。

6 chancellor   

n.(英)大臣；法官；(德、奥)总理；大学校长

参考例句：

• They submitted their reports to the Chancellor yesterday.他们昨天向财政大臣递交了报告。
• He was regarded as the most successful Chancellor of modern times.他被认为是现代最成功的财政大臣。

7 harmonious   

adj.和睦的，调和的，和谐的，协调的

参考例句：

• Their harmonious relationship resulted in part from their similar goals.他们关系融洽的部分原因是他们有着相似的目标。
• The room was painted in harmonious colors.房间油漆得色彩调和。