走进剑桥大学 第21期:颇具争议的克伦威尔

 Oliver Cromwell

颇具争议的克伦威尔

Oliver Cromwell was born on 25 April 1599 in Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire into a family of minor¹ genre² and studied at Cambridge University. He became member of parliament for Huntingdon in the parliament of 1628-1629. In the 1630s Cromwell experienced a religious crisis and became convinced that he would be guided to carry out God's purpose. He began to make his name as a radical³ Puritan.

奥利弗克伦威尔1599年4月25日出生于英国剑桥郡亨廷顿的一个小贵族家庭，求学于剑桥大学。他在1628—1629年议会中成为亨廷顿议会的议员。17世纪30年代，克伦威尔经历了一次宗教危机，而后他开始相信他将受到指引，执行上帝的意愿。克伦威尔开始以激进的清教徒身份而闻名。

Civil war broke out between Charles I and parliament in 1642. Although Cromwell lacked military experience, he created and led a superb force of cavalry⁴, the ‘Ironsides’, and rose from the rank of captain to that of lieutenant⁵-general in three years. He convinced parliament to establish a professional army, the New Model Army, which won the decisive victory over the king’s forces at Naseby (1645). The king’s alliance with the Scots and his subsequent defeat in the Second Civil War convinced Cromwell that the king must be brought to justice. He was a prime mover in the trial and execution of Charles I in 1649 and subsequently sought to win conservative support for the new republic by suppressing radial elements in the army. Cromwell became army commander and lord lieutenant of Ireland, where he crushed resistance with the massacres⁶ at Drogheda and Wexford (1649).

1642年国王查理一世和议会的矛盾激化，英国内战爆发。虽然克伦威尔缺乏军事经验，但他创建并带领了一支优秀的骑兵部队“勇敢之人”，仅用了3年，就从上尉升至中将。他说服议会组建一支专业军队一新模范军。1645年，新模范军在纳西比与国王军队的交锋中取得决定性胜利。国王和苏格兰的结盟以及国王随后在二次内战中的败北让克伦威尔坚信国王必须要归案受审。克伦威尔推动了1649年对查理一世的审判和处决。随后，为了新共和国，他镇压军中的激进力量，以寻求保守势力的支持。1649 年，克伦威尔成为军队总司令和爱尔兰总督。他在德洛格达和韦克斯福德实施大屠杀，镇压爱尔兰的抵抗。

Cromwell then defeated the supporters of the king’s son Charles II at Dunbar and Worcester, effectively ending the civil war. In 1653, frustrated⁷ with lack of progress, he dissolved the rump of the Long Parliament and, after the failure of his Puritan convention made himself lord protector. At home, Cromwell reorganised the national church， established Puritanism readmitted Jews into Britain and supported over a certain degree of religious tolerance⁸. Abroad, he ended the war with Portugal and Holland and allied⁹ with France against Spain, defeating the Spanish at the Battle of the Dunes¹⁰.

克伦威尔随后在登巴和沃塞斯特击败了国王的儿子查理二世，高效地结束了内战。1653年，长期议院的清教徒大会推举克伦威尔为护国公遭到失败，而后他苦于没有进展解散了长期议院。对内，克伦威尔重组了英国教会，建立了清教，重新接纳犹太人到英国来，并支持一定程度上的宗教宽容。对外，他结束了英国和葡萄牙、 荷兰的战争，并和法国结盟对抗西班牙，最终在沙丘战役中击败了西班牙.

In 1658 he was struck by a sudden bout¹¹ of malarial¹² fever, followed directly by illness of a urinary complaint.He died on 3 September, 1658, When the Royalists returned to power in 1661，Oliver Cromwell’s body was exhumed¹³ from Westminster Abbey, and was hung in chains and beheaded. Symbolically¹⁴, this took place on 30 January; the same date that Charles I had been executed.

1658年，克伦威尔被一次突发的疟疾高烧袭倒，紧随高烧而来的是泌尿系统的并发症。他于1658年9月3日辞世。当1661年保皇党成员重新掌权后，奥利弗克伦威尔的尸体被人从威斯敏斯特教堂掘出，人们还用铁链吊起他的尸体，并进行“斩首”。 具有象征性意味的是，这发生在1月30日，和查理一世被处死是同一天。

1 minor   

adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修

参考例句：

• The young actor was given a minor part in the new play.年轻的男演员在这出新戏里被分派担任一个小角色。
• I gave him a minor share of my wealth.我把小部分财产给了他。

2 genre   

n.(文学、艺术等的)类型，体裁，风格

参考例句：

• My favorite music genre is blues.我最喜欢的音乐种类是布鲁斯音乐。
• Superficially,this Shakespeare's work seems to fit into the same genre.从表面上看， 莎士比亚的这个剧本似乎属于同一类型。

3 radical   

n.激进份子，原子团，根号；adj.根本的，激进的，彻底的

参考例句：

• The patient got a radical cure in the hospital.病人在医院得到了根治。
• She is radical in her demands.她的要求十分偏激。

4 cavalry   

n.骑兵；轻装甲部队

参考例句：

• We were taken in flank by a troop of cavalry. 我们翼侧受到一队骑兵的袭击。
• The enemy cavalry rode our men down. 敌人的骑兵撞倒了我们的人。

5 lieutenant   

n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员

参考例句：

• He was promoted to be a lieutenant in the army.他被提升为陆军中尉。
• He prevailed on the lieutenant to send in a short note.他说动那个副官，递上了一张简短的便条进去。

6 massacres   

大屠杀( massacre的名词复数 )； 惨败

参考例句：

• The time is past for guns and killings and massacres. 动不动就用枪、动不动就杀、大规模屠杀的时代已经过去了。 来自教父部分
• Numberless recent massacres were still vivid in their recollection. 近来那些不可胜数的屠杀，在他们的头脑中记忆犹新。

7 frustrated   

adj.挫败的，失意的，泄气的v.使不成功( frustrate的过去式和过去分词 )；挫败；使受挫折；令人沮丧

参考例句：

• It's very easy to get frustrated in this job. 这个工作很容易令人懊恼。
• The bad weather frustrated all our hopes of going out. 恶劣的天气破坏了我们出行的愿望。 来自《简明英汉词典》

8 tolerance   

n.宽容；容忍，忍受；耐药力；公差

参考例句：

• Tolerance is one of his strengths.宽容是他的一个优点。
• Human beings have limited tolerance of noise.人类对噪音的忍耐力有限。

9 allied   

adj.协约国的；同盟国的

参考例句：

• Britain was allied with the United States many times in history.历史上英国曾多次与美国结盟。
• Allied forces sustained heavy losses in the first few weeks of the campaign.同盟国在最初几周内遭受了巨大的损失。

10 dunes   

沙丘( dune的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The boy galloped over the dunes barefoot. 那男孩光着脚在沙丘间飞跑。
• Dragging the fully laden boat across the sand dunes was no mean feat. 将满载货物的船拖过沙丘是一件了不起的事。

11 bout   

n.侵袭，发作；一次(阵，回)；拳击等比赛

参考例句：

• I was suffering with a bout of nerves.我感到一阵紧张。
• That bout of pneumonia enfeebled her.那次肺炎的发作使她虚弱了。

12 malarial   

患疟疾的，毒气的

参考例句：

• Malarial poison had sallowed his skin. 疟疾病毒使他皮肤成灰黄色。
• Standing water like this gives malarial mosquitoes the perfect place to breed. 像这样的死水给了传染疟疾的蚊子绝佳的繁殖地点。

13 exhumed   

v.挖出，发掘出( exhume的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• Marie Curie's remains were exhumed and interred in the Pantheon. 玛丽·居里的遗体被移出葬在先贤祠中。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• His remains have been exhumed from a cemetery in Queens, New York City. 他的遗体被从纽约市皇后区的墓地里挖了出来。 来自辞典例句

14 symbolically   

ad.象征地，象征性地

参考例句：

• By wearing the ring on the third finger of the left hand, a married couple symbolically declares their eternal love for each other. 将婚戒戴在左手的第三只手指上，意味着夫妻双方象征性地宣告他们的爱情天长地久，他们定能白头偕老。
• Symbolically, he coughed to clear his throat. 周经理象征地咳一声无谓的嗽，清清嗓子。