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FIFA腐败案与反海外贿赂法

The FIFA indictments² of 2015 and the Salt Lake City Olympic Committee scandal of 1998 share an important characteristic: both were the targets of a corruption³ investigation⁴ by the U.S. Department of Justice.

2015年的国际足联（FIFA）官员被起诉案和 1998 年盐湖城奥委会丑闻有一个重要的特点: 他们都由美国司法部发起的腐败调查案的对象。

The FIFA indictments triggered outrage⁵ against the U.S. Justice Department from some quarters for overstepping its bounds.

FIFA起诉案引发了针对美国司法部的愤怒声讨。

But for U.S. legal scholars, an indictment¹ boils down to two questions: Was a crime committed on U.S. soil? Secondly⁶, is there a basis for personal jurisdiction⁷ over the individual or individuals involved?

但是对美国的法律学者来说，这起诉讼案归结成两个问题：这是一起发生在美国国土上的犯罪么？第二，在法理上存在对这些涉案的相关人员的“个人管辖权”么？

'Crime happened here'

“It's not unlike someone who stands on U.S. soil and intentionally⁸ fires a weapon to murder someone in a foreign country and succeeds. It's true that the dead body is in the foreign country, but the act that was the crime, and the intent, all happened in the U.S. The crime happened here,” explained Jennifer Arlen, a New York University law professor.

纽约大学法学教授珍妮弗·阿伦（JENNIFER ARLEN）说：“这很像一个人站在美国的领土上，向其他国家的某个人射击，把人杀了。确实，尸体倒在了外国，但是犯罪的行为和意图，一切都发生在美国这边。”

Arlen said this type of case, involving bribes⁹ paid through U.S. financial institutions, is not uncharted territory for the United States.

阿伦认为，这类案子涉及到通过美国的金融机构行贿，对美国来说，这并不是陌生领域。

She said the Justice Department has aggressively pursued both foreign and domestic bribery¹⁰ for more than a decade -- including the Salt Lake City Olympic Committee scandal of 1998, involving bribes for the rights to host the 2002 Winter Games.

她表示，司法部积极追究海外和境内行贿案件已经超过十年，包括 1998年盐湖城奥委会丑闻，那起事件涉及为 2002 年冬奥会主办权而行贿。

Alexandra Wrage, an expert in anti-corruption compliance¹¹, was a member of FIFA’s Independent Governance Committee until she resigned in 2013.

国际跟踪（Trace International）的主席亚历山德拉·瑞吉（Alexandra Wrage）是指导遵从反腐法规的专家。她曾是FIFA独立治理委员会成员，2013年辞职。

Wrage told VOA she believes a culture of bribes and kickbacks¹² has persisted at FIFA for so long in part because it was seen as the normal way of doing business.

她相信，多年来，FIFA内部就存在着贿赂和回扣的文化。

'Business as usual'

“When you have this closed circle, with no independent oversight¹³, no independent board members like corporations and others have now, I think it's really easy to have this mentality¹⁴ that's it's going to be business as usual, and that's been going on for a long time at FIFA,” Wrage said.

她解释说：“当你建立了这个封闭的圈子，没有独立的监督，没有像企业和其他机构一样的独立的董事会时，我觉得很容易有这种心态就是，贿赂和回扣是很平常的，就跟日常业务一样。这样的情况已经在国际足联存在了很久。”

Wrage said that if FIFA truly wanted to reform itself, it would have done so by now.

瑞吉说，如果FIFA真心想改革，现在早该做到了。

“What happens instead is that Blatter talks about reform at intervals¹⁵ whenever the pressure builds and it fades back again into the background,” said Wrage.

她说： “实际发生的情况是，每隔一段时间，当有改革压力的时候，布拉特就讨论一次改革，而每一次最后都不了了之。”

Sepp Blatter, who has served as FIFA’s president since 1998, remains¹⁶ under investigation. He has agreed to step down once a successor is named, but continues to maintain his innocence¹⁷.

塞普·布拉特从1998年起担任FIFA主席，目前仍在是调查对象。他已同意一旦提名继任者，他就会退位，但是他坚称无罪。