-
(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
导言阅读
史蒂夫·乔布斯（1955—2011），1972年高中毕业后，在美国波特兰的一所大学只念了一学期的书；1974年乔布斯在一家公司找到一份设计电脑游戏的工作。两年后，时年21岁的乔布斯和26岁的沃兹尼艾克在乔布斯家的车库里成立了苹果电脑公司；1985年乔布斯获得了由里根总统授予的国家级技术勋章；1996年，苹果公司重新雇用乔布斯作为其兼职顾问；1997年9月，乔布斯重返该公司任首席执行官。1997年乔布斯成为《时代周刊》的封面人物；2009年乔布斯被美国《财富》杂志评选为十年最佳CEO，同年当选《时代周刊》年度风云人物之一。2011年8月，乔布斯辞去苹果公司行政总裁职位，同年10月5日逝世，终年56岁。本篇为乔布斯在斯坦福大学毕业典礼上的著名演讲。
演讲实录
Thank you.
I'm honored to be with you today for your commencement from one of the finest universitiesin the world. Truth be told, I never graduated from college, and this is the closest I've ever gottento a college graduation. Today, I want to tell you three stories from my life. That's it. No big deal.
Just three stories.
The first story is about connecting the dots. I dropped out of Reed College after the first sixmonths, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. Sowhy did I drop out?
It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed graduate student, andshe decided1 to put me up for adoption2. She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by collegegraduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife—exceptthat when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl.
So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking,“We've got an unexpected baby boy; do you want him?” They said, “Of course.” My biologicalmother found out later that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father hadnever graduated from high school. She refused to sign the final adoption papers. She only relenteda few months later when my parents promised that I would go to college. This was the start in mylife.
And 17 years later I did go to college. But I naively4 chose a college that was almost asexpensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents’ savings5 were being spent on mycollege tuition. After six months, I couldn't see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to dowith my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out. And here I was spendingall of the money my parents had saved their entire life.
So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out okay. It was pretty scary at thetime, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped out Icould stop taking the required classes that didn't interest me, and begin dropping in on the onesthat looked far more interesting.
It wasn't all romantic. I didn't have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends’ rooms. Ireturned coke bottles for the five cent deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the seven milesacross town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. I lovedit. And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to bepriceless later on. Let me give you one example:
Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy6 instruction in the country.
Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully handcalligraphy. Because I had dropped out and didn't have to take the normal classes, I decided totake a calligraphy class to learn how to do this. I learned about serif and san serif typefaces, aboutvarying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes greattypography great. It was beautiful, historical, artistically7 subtle in a way that science can't capture,and I found it fascinating.
None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. But ten years later,when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me. And we designed itall into the Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped in onthat single course in college, the “Mac” would have never had multiple typefaces orproportionally spaced fonts. And since Windows just copied the Mac, it's likely that no personalcomputer would have them. If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on thatcalligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do.
Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college. But it wasvery, very clear looking backwards8 10 years later.
Again, you can't connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them lookingbackwards. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have totrust in something—your gut9 , destiny, life, karma, whatever—because believing that the dots willconnect down the road will give you the confidence to follow your heart, even when it leads youoff the well-worn path, and that will make all the difference.
My second story is about love and loss.
I was lucky—I found what I loved to do early in life. Woz and I started Apple in my parents’
garage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of usin a garage into a two billion dollar company with over 4000 employees. We’d just released ourfinest creation—the Macintosh—a year earlier, and I had just turned 30. And then I got fired.
How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someonewho I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or so thingswent well. But then our visions of the future began to diverge10 and eventually we had a falling out.
When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him. And so at 30, I was out. And very publiclyout. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating11.
I really didn't know what to do for a few months. I felt that I had let the previous generationof entrepreneurs down—that I had dropped the baton12 as it was being passed to me. I met withDavid Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly. I was a very publicfailure, and I even thought about running away from the valley. But something slowly began todawn on me: I still loved what I did. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit. Ihad been rejected, but I was still in love. And so I decided to start over.
I didn't see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that couldhave ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness ofbeing a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creativeperiods of my life.
During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar,and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create theworld's first computer-animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animationstudio in the world. In a remarkable14 turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, and I retuned to Apple,and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple's current renaissance15 . AndLaurene and I have a wonderful family together.
I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple. It wasawful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it. Sometimes life's going to hit you in thehead with a brick. Don't lose faith. I'm convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that Iloved what I did. You've got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is foryour lovers.
Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is todo what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. Ifyou haven't found it yet, keep looking—and don't settle . As with all matters of the heart, you'llknow when you find it. And like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the yearsroll on. So keep looking—don't settle.
My third story is about death.
When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: “If you live each day as if it wasyour last, someday you'll most certainly be right.” It made an impression on me, and since then,for the past 33 years, I've looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself: “If today were thelast day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?” And whenever the answerhas been “No” for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something.
Remembering that I'll be dead soon is the most important tool I've ever encountered to helpme make the big choices in life. Because almost everything —all external expectations, all pride,all fear of embarrassment16 or failure—these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving onlywhat is truly important. Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid thetrap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not tofollow your heart.
About a year ago I was diagnosed with cancer. I had a scan at 7:30 in the morning, and itclearly showed a tumor17 on my pancreas. I didn't even know what a pancreas was. The doctors toldme this was almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable18 , and that I should expect to live nolonger than three to six months. My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order,which is doctor's code for “prepare to die.” It means to try and tell your kids everything youthought you’d have the next 10 years to tell them in just a few months. It means to make sureeverything is buttoned up so that it will be as easy as possible for your family. It means to say yourgoodbyes.
I lived with that diagnosis19 all day. Later that evening I had a biopsy, where they stuck anendoscope down my throat, through my stomach into my intestines20, put a needle into my pancreasand got a few cells from the tumor. I was sedated21, but my wife, who was there, told me that whenthey viewed the cells under a microscope the doctors started crying because it turned out to be avery rare form of pancreatic cancer that is curable with surgery. I had the surgery and, thankfully,I'm fine now.
This was the closest I've been to facing death, and I hope it's the closest I get for a few moredecades. Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than whendeath was a useful but purely22 intellectual concept: No one wants to die. Even people who want togo to heaven don't want to die to get there. And yet death is the destination we all share. No onehas ever escaped it. And that is as it should be, because Death is very likely the single bestinvention of Life. It's Life's change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new. Right nowthe new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and becleared away. Sorry to be so dramatic , but it's quite true.
Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life. Don't be trapped by dogma—which is living with the results of other people's thinking. Don't let the noise of others’ opinionsdrown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart andintuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else issecondary.
When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog ,which was one of the “bibles” of my generation. It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brandnot far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic23 touch. This was in the late60s, before personal computers and desktop24 publishing, so it was all made with typewriters,scissors, and Polaroid cameras. It was sort of like Google in paperback25 form, 35 years beforeGoogle came along. It was idealistic, overflowing26 with neat tools and great notions.
Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it hadrun its course, they put out a final issue. It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age. On the backcover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you mightfind yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous27 . Beneath it were the words: “StayHungry. Stay Foolish.” It was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay Hungry. StayFoolish. And I've always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wishthat for you.
Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.
Thank you all very much.
参考译文
谢谢大家。
今天，有荣幸来到各位从世界上最好的学校之一毕业的毕业典礼上。我从来没从大学毕业。说实话，这是我离大学毕业最近的一刻。今天，我只说三个故事，不谈大道理，三个故事就好。
第一个故事，是关于人生中的点点滴滴怎么联系在一起。我在里德学院待了六个月就休学了。到我退学前，一共休学了十八个月。那么，我为什么休学？
这得从我出生前讲起。我的亲生母亲当时是个研究生，年轻的未婚妈妈，她决定让别人收养我。她强烈觉得应该让有大学文凭的人收养我，所以我出生时，她就准备让一对律师夫妇收养我。但是这对夫妻到了最后一刻反悔了，他们想收养女孩。
所以在等待收养名单上的一对夫妻，我的养父母，在一天半夜里接到一个电话，问他们“有一名意外出生的男孩，你们要收养他吗？”而他们的回答是“当然要”。后来，我的生母发现，我现在的妈妈从来没有大学毕业，我现在的爸爸则连高中毕业也没有。她拒绝在收养文件上做最后签字。直到几个月后，我的养父母同意将来一定会让我上大学，她才软化态度。这便是我人生的开始。
十七年后，我上大学了。但是当时我无知地选了一所学费几乎跟斯坦福一样贵的大学，我那工人阶级的父母所有积蓄都花在我的学费上。六个月后，我看不出念大学的价值何在。那时候，我不知道这辈子要干什么，也不知道念大学能对我有什么帮助，而且我为了念大学，花光了我父母这辈子的所有积蓄。
所以我决定休学，相信船到桥头自然直。当时这个决定看来相当可怕，可是现在看来，那是我这辈子做过最好的决定之一。当我休学之后，我再也不用上我没兴趣的必修课，而可以去听那些我感兴趣的课。
这一点也不浪漫。我没有宿舍，所以我睡在友人家的地板上，靠着回收空可乐罐的五先令买吃的，每个星期天晚上得走七里路绕过大半个镇去印度教的Hare Krishna神庙吃一顿大餐。我喜欢Hare Krishna神庙的美食。追寻我的好奇与直觉，我大部分犯错的地方，后来看来都成了无价之宝。举例来说：
当时里德学院有着大概是全国最好的书法指导。在整个校园内的每一张海报上，每个抽屉的标签上，都是美丽的手写字。因为我休学了，可以不照正常选课程序来，所以我跑去学书法。我学了serif与san serif字体，学到在不同字母组合间变更字间距，学到活版印刷伟大的地方。书法的美好、历史感与艺术感是科学所无法捕捉的，我觉得那很迷人。
我从没觉得学的这些东西能在我生活中起些什么实际作用，不过十年后，当我在设计第一台麦金塔时，我想起了当时所学的东西，所以把这些东西都设计进了麦金塔里，这是第一台能印刷出漂亮东西的计算机。如果我没沉溺于那样一门课里，麦金塔可能就不会有多重字体跟变间距字体了。又因为Windows抄袭了麦金塔，所以如果当年我没这样做，大概世界上所有的个人计算机都不会有这些东西，印不出现在我们看到的漂亮的字来了。当然，当我还在大学里时，不可能把这些点点滴滴预先联系在一起，但是这在十年后回顾，就显得非常清楚。
我再说一次，你不能预先把点点滴滴联系在一起；唯有未来回顾时，你才会明白那些点点滴滴是如何联系在一起的。所以你得相信，你现在所体会的东西，将来多少会联系在一起。你得信任某个东西，直觉也好，命运也好，生命也好，或者因果报应。这种做法从来没让我失望，也让我的人生整个不同起来。
我的第二个故事，有关爱与失去。
我非常幸运，年轻时就发现自己爱做什么事。我二十岁时，跟沃兹尼·艾克在我爸妈的车库里开始了苹果计算机的事业。我们拼命工作，苹果计算机在十年间从一间车库里的两个小伙子扩展成了一家员工超过四千人、市价二十亿美元的公司，在那之前一年推出了我们最棒的作品——麦金塔，而我才刚迈入人生的第三十个年头，然后被炒鱿鱼。
要怎么让自己创办的公司炒自己鱿鱼？好吧，当苹果计算机成长后，我请了一个我以为他在经营公司上很有才干的家伙来，他在头几年也确实干得不错。可是我们对未来的愿景不同，最后只好分道扬镳，董事会站在他那边，炒了我鱿鱼，公开把我请了出去。曾经是我整个成年生活重心的东西不见了，我不知所措。
有几个月，我实在不知道要干什么好。我觉得我令企业界的前辈们失望，我把他们交给我的接力棒弄丢了。我见了创办惠普的戴维·帕卡德跟创办英特尔的鲍勃·诺伊斯，跟他们说我很抱歉把事情搞砸了。我成了公众的非常负面的示范，我甚至想要离开硅谷。但是渐渐的，我发现，我还是喜爱我做的事情，在苹果经历的事件没有丝毫改变我爱做的事。我被否定了，可是我还是爱做那些事情，所以我决定从头来过。
当时我没发现，但是现在看来，被苹果开除，是我所经历过最好的事情。成功的沉重被从头来过的轻松所取代，每件事情都不那么确定，让我自由进入这辈子最有创意的阶段。
接下来五年，我开了一家叫做NeXT的公司，又开一家叫做Pixar的公司，也跟后来的老婆谈起了恋爱。Pixar接着制作了世界上第一部全计算机动画电影——《玩具总动员》
——现在是世界上最成功的动画制作公司。然后，苹果买下了NeXT，我回到了苹果，我们在NeXT发展的技术成了苹果后来复兴的核心。我也有了个幸福的家庭。
我很确定，如果当年苹果没开除我，就不会发生这些事情。这帖药很苦，可是我想苹果这个病人需要这帖药。有时候，人生会用砖头打你的头。不要丧失信心。我确信，我爱我所做的事情，这就是这些年来让我继续走下去的唯一理由。你得找出你爱的，工作是如此，情人也是如此。
你的工作将填满你的一大块人生，唯一获得真正满足的方法就是做你相信是伟大的工作，而唯一做伟大工作的方法是爱你所做的事。如果你还没找到这些事，继续找，别停顿。尽你全心全力，你知道你一定会找到。而且，如同任何伟大的关系，事情只会随着时间愈来愈好。所以，在你找到之前，继续找，别停顿。
我的第三个故事，关于死亡。
当我十七岁时，我读到一则格言，好像是“把每一天都当成生命中的最后一天，你就会轻松自在。”这对我影响深远，在过去33年里，我每天早上都会照镜子，自问：“如果今天是此生最后一日，我今天要干些什么？”每当我连续太多天都得到“没事做”的答案时，我就知道我必须有所改变了。
提醒自己快死了，是我在人生中下重大决定时，所用过最重要的工具。因为几乎每件事——所有外界期望、所有名誉、所有对困窘或失败的恐惧——在面对死亡时，都消失了，只有最重要的东西才会留下。提醒自己快死了，是我所知避免掉入自己有东西要失去了的陷阱里最好的方法。人生不带来，死不带去，没什么道理不顺心而为。
一年前，我被诊断出癌症。我在早上七点半作断层扫描，在胰脏清楚出现一个肿瘤。
我连胰脏是什么都不知道。医生告诉我，那几乎可以确定是一种不治之症，我大概活不到三到六个月了。医生建议我回家，好好跟亲人们聚一聚，这是医生对临终病人的标准建议。那代表你得试着在几个月内把你将来十年想跟小孩讲的话讲完。那代表你得把每件事情搞定，家人才会尽量轻松。那代表你得跟人说再见了。
我整天想着那个诊断结果，那天晚上做了一次切片，从喉咙伸入一个内视镜，从胃进肠子，插了根针进胰脏，取了一些肿瘤细胞出来。我打了镇静剂，不省人事，但是我老婆在场。她后来跟我说，当医生们用显微镜看过那些细胞后，他们都哭了，因为那是非常少见的一种胰脏癌，可以用手术治好。所以我接受了手术，康复了。
这是我最接近死亡的时候，我希望那依然是未来几十年内最接近的一次。经历此事后，比起之前死亡只是抽象概念时，我可以更肯定地告诉你们下面这些：没有人想死。即使那些想上天堂的人，也想活着上天堂。但是死亡是我们共有的目的地，没有人逃得过。
这是注定的，因为死亡简直就是生命中最棒的发明，是生命变化的媒介，送走老人们，给新生代留下空间。现在你们是新生代，但是不久的将来，你们也会逐渐变老，被送出人生的舞台。抱歉讲得这么戏剧化，但是这是真的。
你们的时间有限，所以不要浪费时间活在别人的生活里。不要被教条所惑——盲从教条就是活在别人思考结果里。不要让别人的意见淹没了你内在的心声。最重要的是，拥有跟随内心与直觉的勇气，你的内心与直觉多少已经知道你真正想要成为什么样的人。任何其他事物都是次要的。
在我年轻时，有本神奇的杂志叫做《全球概览》，当年我们很迷这本杂志。那是一位住在离这不远的门罗公园的斯图尔特·布兰德发行的，他把杂志办得很有诗意。那是20世纪60年代末期，个人计算机跟桌上出版还没发明，所有内容都是打字机、剪刀跟拍立得相机做出来的。杂志内容有点像印在纸上的Google，在Google出现之前35年就有了：理想化，充满新奇的工具与绝妙的见解。
斯图尔特跟他的出版团队出了好几期《全球概览》，然后出了停刊号。当时是70年代中期，我正是你们现在这个年龄的时候。在停刊号的封底，有张早晨乡间小路的照片，那种你去爬山时会经过的乡间小路。在照片下有行小字：求知若饥，虚心若愚。那是他们亲笔写下的告别信息，我总是以此自许。当你们毕业，展开新生活，我也以此期许你们。
求知若饥，虚心若愚。
非常谢谢大家。
Vocabulary Bank
1. relent ［ri'lent ］v 变温和，变宽容
Afterwards she relented and let the children stay up late to watch TV.
后来她宽容了些，让孩子们晚睡看电视。
2. naive3 ［nɑ:'i:v ］adj 天真的，轻信的
You weren't so naive as to believe him, were you?
你没有轻易相信他吧？
3. intuition ［?intju:'i??n ］n 直觉，直觉力
Nobody told me where to find you. It was sheer intuition.
没有人告诉我到哪儿去找你，我纯粹是凭直觉找到你的。
4. artistically ［a:'tistikli ］adv 有艺术技巧的，有美感的The decor is artistically designed.
这种装饰很有艺术性。
5. application ［??pli'kei??n ］n 应用，运用
This is a new invention that will have a variety of applications in industry.
这是一种在工业上有多种用途的新发明。
6. proportional ［pr?'p?:??nl ］adj 相称的，成比例的Payment will be proportional to the amount of work done.
酬金将与工作量成比例。
7. gut ［ɡ?t ］n 勇气，决心，胆量
He doesn't have the guts28 to do this.
他没有胆量做这件事。
8. diverge ［dai'v?:? ］v （指意见等）分歧
Our views diverged29 so greatly that it was impossible to agree.
我们的观点存在严重的分歧，绝无调和余地。
9. devastate30 ［'dev?steit ］v 使人难以承受
I was devastated31 by the news of the crash.
我获悉失事的消息后感到十分震惊。
10. entrepreneur ［??ntr?pr?'n?: ］n 企业家
He would not have succeeded in such a risky32 business if he had not been such a cleverentrepreneur.
假如他不是个精明强干的企业家，他就不会在这样冒险的事业中取得成功。
11. renaissance ［r?'neis?ns ］n 复兴，再生
Folk music is currently enjoying a renaissance.
民间音乐现在又时兴起来了。
12. convince ［k?n'vins ］v 使某人确信，明白
I was convinced I saw you there, but it must have been someone else.
我原来真以为看见你在那里，但是一定是看错人了。
13. settle ［'setl ］v 在某处停歇或停留一时
Clouds have settled over the mountain tops.
那些云彩在山顶上空停留不散。
14. external ［eks't?:nl ］adj 外部的，外界的This news program only covers external events.
这档新闻节目只报道国外消息。
15. diagnose ［'dai?ɡn?uz ］v 诊断（疾病）
The doctor diagnosed measles33.
医生诊断是麻疹。
16. incurable ［in'kju?r?bl ］adj 无可救药的，不可矫正的This is a home for the incurable patients.
这里是绝症病人收容所。
17. dramatic ［dr?'m?tik ］adj 戏剧性的
Her opening words were dramatic.
她的开场白十分精彩。
18. secondary ［'sek?nd?ri ］adj 次要的
Such considerations are secondary to our main aim of improving efficiency.
对于提高效率的主要目的来说，这些想法都是次要的。
19. hitchhike ［'hi?haik ］v 搭便车
Nash hitchhiked to New York during his Christmas vacation.
纳什在圣诞节时搭车去了纽约。
20. adventurous ［?d'ven??r?s ］adj 有冒险精神的Warren was an adventurous businessman.
沃伦是个敢于冒险的商人。
Language Guide
Windows
Windows电脑操作系统
微软公司推出的视窗电脑操作系统名为Windows。随着电脑硬件和软件系统的不断升级，微软的Windows操作系统也在不断升级，从16位、32位到64位操作系统。从最初的Windows1.0到大家熟知的Windows95、NT、97、98、2000、Me、XP、Server、Vista，Windows7，Windows8各种版本的持续更新，微软一直在尽力于Windows操作系统的开发和完善。
David Packard
戴维·帕卡德
著名电脑公司“惠普”的创始人之一，硅谷创业的元老人物，一代产业巨子，将一个小公司发展到全世界第三大电脑公司。曾担任过美国国防部副部长，树立了著名的“惠普之道”。帕卡德毕业于著名的斯坦福大学电机工程系，他结识了创业伙伴比尔·休利特，他们合伙注册了“休利特—帕卡德公司”，简称HP公司，即“惠普”电脑公司。
Bob Noyce
鲍勃·诺伊斯
美国物理学家，全球最大的半导体芯片制造商——英特尔公司的创始人。诺伊斯在半导体器件物理学方面获得了16项专利，于1958年宣布制成第一块集成电路。诺伊斯引导下的英特尔推出了对计算机界有着深远影响的Intel 4004芯片，从那以后，英特尔成了微处理器的专门研究生产基地。
Pixar
皮克斯动画工作室
皮克斯动画工作室（Pixar Animation13 Studios），于1986年正式成立，至今已经出品十三部动画长片和超过三十部动画短片。可称是继迪士尼公司之后，对动画电影历史影响最深远的公司。皮克斯于2006年被迪士尼收购，成为其全资子公司。代表作有《玩具总动员》，《虫虫危机》，《海底总动员》等。
Grammar Master
1. 英语中的虚拟语气很常见，运用条件句中的虚拟语气时，须注意以下几个问题。
当从句的主语为第三人称单数时，谓语动词若是系动词be，可用was代替were。但在倒装虚拟结构及if I were you, as it were中，只能用were。
例 Were I ten years younger, I would study abroad.
要是我还年轻十岁的话，我会去国外学习。
例 If I were you, I would try my best to grasp the chance.
要是我是你的话，我会尽力抓住这次机会。
有时，在虚拟条件句中，主、从句的动作若不是同时发生时，须区别对待。
从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。
例 If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too.
如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会是一名工程师了。
例 If they had informed us, we would not come here now.
如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。
从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。
例 If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing.
如果他今天有空的话，我们就派他去北京了。
例 If he knew her, he would have greeted her.
要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。
从句的动作与过去发生的情况相反，而主句的动作与现在正在发生的情况相反。
例 If it had not been raining too much, the crops would be growing much better.
如果不下太多的雨的话，庄稼会长得更好。
例 If he had been working hard, he would be working in the office now.
要是他一直努力工作的话，他现在已进办公室办公了。
2. 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时，if可省略，将were, should, had等词置于句首。
例 Should he agree to go there, we would send him there.
要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去。
例 Were she here, she would agree with us.
如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。
例 Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here.
如果她懂一些电脑知识的话，我们就会聘用他来这里工作了。
有的句子没有直接给出假设情况的条件，而须通过上下文或其他方式来判断。
例 I would have come to see you, but I was too busy.
我本该来看你了，但是我太忙了。
例 But for his help, we would be working now.
要不是他的帮助，我们现在还在工作呢。
例 Without your instruction, I would not have made such great progress.
要是没有你的指导，我不会取得如此大的进步。
有时在虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，用来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。
省略从句：
例 He would have finished it.
他本该完成了。
例 You could have passed this exam.
你应该会通过这次考试了。
省略主句：
例 If I were at home now.
要是我现在在家里该多好啊。
例 If only I had got it.
要是我得到它了该多好啊。
收听单词发音 |
1
decided
|
|
| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
2
adoption
|
|
| n.采用，采纳，通过；收养 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
3
naive
|
|
| adj.幼稚的，轻信的；天真的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
4
naively
|
|
| adv. 天真地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
5
savings
|
|
| n.存款，储蓄 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
6
calligraphy
|
|
| n.书法 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
7
artistically
|
|
| adv.艺术性地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
8
backwards
|
|
| adv.往回地，向原处，倒，相反，前后倒置地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
9
gut
|
|
| n.[pl.]胆量；内脏；adj.本能的；vt.取出内脏 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
10
diverge
|
|
| v.分叉，分歧，离题，使...岔开，使转向 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
11
devastating
|
|
| adj.毁灭性的，令人震惊的，强有力的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
12
baton
|
|
| n.乐队用指挥杖 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
13
animation
|
|
| n.活泼，兴奋，卡通片／动画片的制作 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
14
remarkable
|
|
| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
15
renaissance
|
|
| n.复活，复兴，文艺复兴 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
16
embarrassment
|
|
| n.尴尬；使人为难的人(事物)；障碍；窘迫 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
17
tumor
|
|
| n.（肿）瘤，肿块(英)tumour | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
18
incurable
|
|
| adj.不能医治的，不能矫正的，无救的；n.不治的病人，无救的人 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
19
diagnosis
|
|
| n.诊断，诊断结果，调查分析，判断 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
20
intestines
|
|
| n.肠( intestine的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
21
sedated
|
|
| v.使昏昏入睡，使镇静( sedate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
22
purely
|
|
| adv.纯粹地，完全地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
23
poetic
|
|
| adj.富有诗意的，有诗人气质的，善于抒情的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
24
desktop
|
|
| n.桌面管理系统程序；台式 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
25
paperback
|
|
| n.平装本，简装本 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
26
overflowing
|
|
| n. 溢出物,溢流 adj. 充沛的，充满的 动词overflow的现在分词形式 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
27
adventurous
|
|
| adj.爱冒险的；惊心动魄的，惊险的，刺激的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
28
guts
|
|
| v.狼吞虎咽，贪婪地吃，飞碟游戏（比赛双方每组5人，相距15码，互相掷接飞碟）；毁坏（建筑物等）的内部( gut的第三人称单数 )；取出…的内脏n.勇气( gut的名词复数 )；内脏；消化道的下段；肠 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
29
diverged
|
|
| 分开( diverge的过去式和过去分词 )； 偏离； 分歧； 分道扬镳 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
30
devastate
|
|
| v.使荒芜，破坏，压倒 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
31
devastated
|
|
| v.彻底破坏( devastate的过去式和过去分词)；摧毁；毁灭；在感情上（精神上、财务上等）压垮adj.毁坏的；极为震惊的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
32
risky
|
|
| adj.有风险的，冒险的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
33
measles
|
|
| n.麻疹，风疹，包虫病，痧子 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
购买
在百度中搜索