Freedom, Human Rights and Peace 自由、人权与和平

 

导言阅读

安德烈·萨哈罗夫（1921—1989），前苏联核物理学家，对前苏联发展核武器做出重要贡献，主张苏美合作消除核威胁，被西方称为“苏联持不同政见者的代表人物”。1975年获诺贝尔和平奖。本篇即为他领奖时的演讲。演讲者的热切、兴奋与欣慰之情溢于言表。文中多采用结构完整的长句，语意表达十分严谨，这是学术性演讲文章的语言特点。文中还多处采用排比，充分体现了英语句式工整的特点。

演讲实录

I am convinced that international confidence, mutual¹ understanding, disarmament, andinternational security are inconceivable without an open society with freedom of information,freedom of conscience, the right to publish, and the right to travel and choose the country in whichone wishes to live. I am likewise convinced that freedom of conscience, together with the othercivic right, provides the basis for scientific progress and constitutes a guarantee that scientificadvances will not be used to despoil³ mankind, providing the basis for economic and socialprogress, which in turn is a political guarantee for the possibility of an effective defense⁴ of socialrights. At the same time I should like to defend the thesis of the original and decisive significanceof civic² and political rights in molding the destiny of mankind. This view differs essentially⁵ fromthe widely accepted Marxist view, as well as the technocratic⁶ opinions, according to which it isprecisely material factors and social and economic conditions that are of decisive importance.

Other civilizations , including more “successful” ones should exist an infinite number oftimes on the “preceding” and the “following” pages of the Book of the Universe. Yet this shouldnot minimize our sacred endeavors in this world of ours, where, like faint glimmers⁷ of light in thedark, we have emerged for a moment from the nothingness of dark unconsciousness of materialexistence. We must make good the demands of reason and create a life worthy⁸ of ourselves and ofthe goals we only dimly perceive.

Granting the award to a person who defends political and civil rights against illegal andarbitrary actions means an affirmation of principles which plays such an important role indetermining the future of mankind. For hundreds of people, known or unknown to me, many ofwhom pay a high price for the defense of these same principles (the price being loss of freedom,unemployment, poverty, persecution⁹ , exile from one's country), your decision was a greatpersonal joy and a gift, I am aware of all this, but I am also aware of another fact: in the presentsituation, it is an act of intellectual courage and great equity¹⁰ to grant the award to a man whoseideas do not coincide with official concepts of the leadership of a big and powerful state. This, infact, is how I value the decision of the Nobel Committee: I also see in it a manifestation¹¹ oftolerance and of the true spirit of detente. I want to hope that even those who at present view yourdecision skeptically or with irritation¹³ someday will come to share this point of view.

I would like to end my speech expressing the hope in a final victory of the principles of peaceand human rights. The best sign that such hope can come true would be a general politicalamnesty in all the world, liberation of all prisoners of conscience everywhere. The struggle for ageneral political amnesty is the struggle for the future of mankind.

参考译文

我深信，如果没有一个开放的社会，没有信息交流自由、思想良知自由、言论自由、行动自由以及自愿选择其所居住的国家的自由，那么，国际间的信任、相互谅解、裁减军备以及国际安全是无法想象了。我同样深信，良知的自由同其他公民权利都是科学进步的基础，并确保科学进步不会被用于毁灭人类，从而为经济和社会的进步提供基础。而经济和社会的进步又反过来成为能有效捍卫社会权利的政治保障。与此同时，我愿辩护，公民权利和政治权利在铸就人类命运方面具有首要的、决定性的意义。这一观点与被广泛接受的马克思主义的观点有本质上的差异，也不同于专家治国论的观点，因为它们认为唯有物质因素和社会经济条件才起决定性的重要作用。

其他文明，包括一些更“成功”的文明，应该无数次地在“宇宙之书”的前部和后部出现。然而，不能因此而轻视我们在这个世界所作的神圣努力。在这个世界，我们就像黑暗中的一缕微光，在物质存在的无意识的黑暗虚无中闪现了片刻。我们必须实现理性的要求，创造一种我们应该拥有的，而我们只是隐隐约约感觉到其目标的生活。

把这样一个奖项授予一个为捍卫政治权利和公民权利而与一切非法的、专制的行为作斗争的人，这就意味着对那些在决定人类未来时起非常重要作用的原则的充分肯定。对于数以百计的人们，我认识的和不认识的，他们中很多人为了捍卫这些原则付出了高昂的代价（这些代价包括丧失自由，失业，贫困，受迫害，被驱逐出境），你们的决定是一个巨大的个人乐事和礼物。我对这一切十分清楚，而且我还十分清楚另一个事实：在目前的情况下，把这样一个奖项颁给一个与其超级大国的领导阶层的权威思想相左的人，此乃显示理智的勇气和伟大的公平之举。事实上，正因为如此，我十分珍视诺贝尔奖委员会的决定。在这里，我还看到了宽容与真正的缓和国际紧张关系的精神。我希望，即使现在仍对你们的决定表示怀疑和愤懑的人们某一天也能接受我的观点。

在结束演讲之前，我想表达一下我的希望：愿和平与人权的原则赢得最后的胜利。象征这一希望实现的最好标志将是在全世界范围内实行普遍的政治大赦，释放世界各地所有的有良知的犯人。为普遍的政治大赦而斗争就是为人类的未来而斗争。

Vocabulary Bank

1. inconceivable ［?ink?n'si:v?bl ］adj 难以置信的，不可思议的It seems inconceivable that the accident could have happened so quickly.

这一事故发生得这么快，简直不可思议。

2. likewise ［'laik?waiz ］adv 也，亦

The food was excellent, and likewise the wine.

菜好极了，酒也是。

3. constitute ［'k?nstitju:t ］v 组成，构成（整体）Twelve months constitute a year.

十二个月为一年。

4. guarantee ［?ɡ?r?n'ti: ］n 保证，保证书

The Soviets¹⁴ are demanding certain guarantees about verification before signing the treaty.

苏联人要求得到有关核实的某些保证后才签约。

5. despoil ［dis'p?il ］v 抢劫，掠夺

Museums have despoiled¹⁵ India of many priceless treasures.

博物馆里有许多从印度掠夺来的无价之宝。

6. defend ［di'fend ］v 防御，保护，为……辩护The newspaper defended her against the accusations¹⁶.

报纸为她辩护，驳斥对她的指责。

7. decisive ［di'saisiv ］adj 有特殊，重要或决定性效果的The injury to their key player could be a decisive factor in the game.

他们主力队员受伤可能是这场比赛决定胜负的因素。

8. civilization ［?sivilai'zei??n, ?sivili'zei??n ］n 开化，教化The civilization of mankind has taken thousands of years.

人类经数千年才文明开化。

9. endeavor ［in'dev? ］n 努力，尽力

Please make every endeavor to arrive punctually.

请尽量准时到达。

10. emerge ［i'm?:? ］v 显现，显露

He emerged as leader at the age of thirty.

他三十岁时初露锋芒担任了领袖。

11. arbitrary ［'ɑ:bitr?ri ］adj 专横的，独断独行的The choice of players for the team seems completely arbitrary.

队员的挑选似乎太武断了。

12. persecution ［?p?:si'kju:??n ］n 迫害，骚扰He is writing a history of the persecutions endured by his race.

他在写一部关于其种族所受迫害的历史书。

13. coincide ［?k?uin'said ］v 相符，一致

Their stories coincided.

他们的叙述一致。

14. tolerance¹² ［'t?l?r?ns ］n 容忍，宽容

As the addict's tolerance increases, he requires ever larger doses of the drug.

嗜毒者由于对药物的耐受性增加了，因而需要更大剂量的毒品。

15. amnesty ［'?mnesti ］n 大赦（尤指对国家所犯的罪行）The rebels returned home under a general amnesty.

造反的人经大赦释放回家。

Language Guide

Marxist view

马克思主义

马克思主义是马克思、恩格斯在19世纪工人运动实践基础上而创立的理论体系。马克思主义主要以唯物主义角度所编写而成。马克思主义理论体系包括三部分，即马克思主义哲学、马克思主义政治经济学、科学社会主义，分别是马克思、恩格斯受德国古典哲学、英国古典政治经济学、法国空想社会主义影响，并在此基础上创立的。

Nobel Committee

诺贝尔委员会

挪威诺贝尔委员会（Norwegian Nobel Committee），是一年一度的诺贝尔和平奖的评定机构。委员会成员五名，由挪威议会任命。委员会秘书由挪威诺贝尔研究所主任GeirLundestad教授担任。

Grammar Master

1. provide用作及物动词，意为“提供，供应，供给”，表示供给所需物品以方便使用，其后常接名词或代词作宾语或双宾语，并且常和介词with/for搭配使用。

例　The peasants provide us with grain and vegetables.

农民供给我们粮食和蔬菜。

例　Did your parents provide food and clothes for you in the university?

你父母供给你在大学的衣食了吗？

例　She provided her father with all the food and money he wanted.

她给她父亲提供他所需要的食物和钱。

短语provide sb. with sth.与provide sth. for sb.'意思相同，均为“为某人提供某物”，这两者通常可相互转换。

例　Mr. Smith provided food for us.

→Mr. Smith provided us with food.

史密斯先生为我们提供食物。

例　He also asked other people to provide you with more money for your research.

→He also asked other people to provide more money for you for your research.

他也让其他人为你的研究提供更多的资金。

2. being既可以是谓语动词，也可以是非谓语动词。作为谓语动词，主要用于构成进行时态（含被动语态的进行时态）；作为非谓语动词，可用于引出短语构成主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语等。

当being为助动词时，用作谓语动词的being主要与过去分词连用，构成被动语态。

例　I'm always being criticized.

我总是被批评。

例　He is being interviewed now.

他现在正在接受面试。

当being为连系动词时，用作谓语动词的being主要与形容词连用，表示临时特征或暂时现象。

例　You're being stupid.

你真傻。

例　You are not being very polite.

你不太礼貌。

当being为助动词时，可用作非谓语动词。

例　Being lost can be a terrifying experience.

迷路可能是一种很可怕的经历。

例　I saw him being taken away by the police.

我看到他正被警察带走。

有时being可带有自己的逻辑主语构成独立主格结构。

例　The question being settled, we went home.

问题解决之后，我们就回家了。

当being为连系动词时，也可用作非谓语动词。

例　Being tired often makes me short-tempered.

我一累就容易发脾气。

例　The weather being hot, we had to stay at home

1 mutual   

adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的

参考例句：

• We must pull together for mutual interest.我们必须为相互的利益而通力合作。
• Mutual interests tied us together.相互的利害关系把我们联系在一起。

2 civic   

adj.城市的，都市的，市民的，公民的

参考例句：

• I feel it is my civic duty to vote.我认为投票选举是我作为公民的义务。
• The civic leaders helped to forward the project.市政府领导者协助促进工程的进展。

3 despoil   

v.夺取，抢夺

参考例句：

• The victorious army despoil the city of all its treasure.得胜的军队把城里的财宝劫掠一空。
• He used his ruthless and destructive armies despoil everybody who lived within reach of his realm.他动用其破坏性的军队残暴地掠夺国内的人民。

4 defense   

n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩

参考例句：

• The accused has the right to defense.被告人有权获得辩护。
• The war has impacted the area with military and defense workers.战争使那个地区挤满了军队和防御工程人员。

5 essentially   

adv.本质上，实质上，基本上

参考例句：

• Really great men are essentially modest.真正的伟人大都很谦虚。
• She is an essentially selfish person.她本质上是个自私自利的人。

6 technocratic   

adj.由技术专家官员组成的；受技术官僚影响的

参考例句：

• But there is method in Europe's technocratic madness, the official went on. 但欧洲的专家政治论者的愤怒是有原因的，这个位官员接着说道。 来自互联网
• Mr Juppé was floored in part by his contemptuous, technocratic attitude towards union leaders. 朱佩对工会领导蛮横与不屑，是导致他一败涂地的部分原因。 来自互联网

7 glimmers   

n.微光，闪光( glimmer的名词复数 )v.发闪光，发微光( glimmer的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• A faint lamp glimmers at the end of the passage. 一盏昏暗的灯在走廊尽头发出微弱的光线。 来自互联网
• The first glimmers of an export-led revival are apparent. 拉动出库复苏的第一缕曙光正出现。 来自互联网

8 worthy   

adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的

参考例句：

• I did not esteem him to be worthy of trust.我认为他不值得信赖。
• There occurred nothing that was worthy to be mentioned.没有值得一提的事发生。

9 persecution   

n. 迫害,烦扰

参考例句：

• He had fled from France at the time of the persecution. 他在大迫害时期逃离了法国。
• Their persecution only serves to arouse the opposition of the people. 他们的迫害只激起人民对他们的反抗。

10 equity   

n.公正，公平，（无固定利息的）股票

参考例句：

• They shared the work of the house with equity.他们公平地分担家务。
• To capture his equity,Murphy must either sell or refinance.要获得资产净值，墨菲必须出售或者重新融资。

11 manifestation   

n.表现形式；表明；现象

参考例句：

• Her smile is a manifestation of joy.她的微笑是她快乐的表现。
• What we call mass is only another manifestation of energy.我们称之为质量的东西只是能量的另一种表现形态。

12 tolerance   

n.宽容；容忍，忍受；耐药力；公差

参考例句：

• Tolerance is one of his strengths.宽容是他的一个优点。
• Human beings have limited tolerance of noise.人类对噪音的忍耐力有限。

13 irritation   

n.激怒，恼怒，生气

参考例句：

• He could not hide his irritation that he had not been invited.他无法掩饰因未被邀请而生的气恼。
• Barbicane said nothing,but his silence covered serious irritation.巴比康什么也不说，但是他的沉默里潜伏着阴郁的怒火。

14 soviets   

苏维埃（Soviet的复数形式）

参考例句：

• A public challenge could provoke the Soviets to dig in. 公开挑战会促使苏联人一意孤行。
• The Soviets proposed the withdrawal of American ballistic-missile submarines from forward bases. 苏联人建议把美国的弹道导弹潜艇从前沿基地撤走。

15 despoiled   

v.掠夺，抢劫( despoil的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• They despoiled the villagers of their belongings. 他们夺走了村民的财物。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The victorious army despoiled the city of all its treasures. 得胜的军队把城里的财宝劫掠一空。 来自辞典例句

16 accusations   

n.指责( accusation的名词复数 )；指控；控告；（被告发、控告的）罪名

参考例句：

• There were accusations of plagiarism. 曾有过关于剽窃的指控。
• He remained unruffled by their accusations. 对于他们的指控他处之泰然。