英语六级语法精讲：省略与替代

 　　省略与替代

　　省略与替代二者有着紧密的联系，都是为了精简词语和避免重复，常常交替使用，从而使语言简洁明了，上下文联系更加紧密。

　　省略

　　1. 某一句子成分的省略

　　(I) Beg your pardon?

　　(There) Must be somebody waiting for you.

　　We’ll do the best we can (do).

　　Only one of us was seriously injured¹, and he (was injured) just slightly.

　　Which of them is the better choice? — Well, it’s hard to tell (it).

　　Let’s do the dishes. I’ll wash (dishes) and you dry (dishes).

　　Is this your bike? — Yes, it is (mine).

　　He’s a real man. — Who is (a real man)?

　　If you need any of that firewood², I can give you plenty (of that firewood).

　　That letter was the last (I ever received from her).

　　2. 多个句子成分的省略

　　(I’ll say) A word about your composition.

　　(It is) Interesting, isn’t it?

　　(Is there) Anybody in?

　　(Have you) Got a light?

　　How could you (say so)?

　　Why (do you) not go by bus?

　　Which is the best? — The red one (is the best).

　　Have you finished the work? — Yes, I have (finished it).

　　3. 从句或整句省略

　　He paused³ as if (he were) expecting Jenny to speak.

　　When (she was) asked about it, she only smiled without giving any answer.

　　It is easier to make a plan than (it is) to carry it out.

　　Do you like the film? — Oh, (I like it) very much.

　　Shall I make a fair copy of it? — Yes, (you can make a fair copy of it) if time permits⁴.

　　You would do the same (if you were in my position).

　　I asked her when she would leave, and she said she didn’t know (when she would leave).

　　替代

　　1. 名词性替代

　　名词性替代指用替代词代替名词或名词词组。常见的名词替代词有代词one / ones, the same, the kind, the sort等。如：

　　The child doesn’t like this book. Show him a more interesting one. (one = book)

　　Today’s libraries are quite different from those of the past. (those = the libraries)

　　I’ll have two boiled eggs, please. — I’d like the same. (the same = two boiled eggs)

　　2. 动词性替代

　　动词性替代指用替代词代替动词或动词短语。常见的动词替代词有do, do so等。如：

　　John speaks French as fluently⁵ as he does German. (does = speaks)

　　He said he would tell me the news, but he didn’t do so. (do so = tell me the news)

　　I like playing football. — So do I. (So do I. = I like playing football, too.)

　　Mary will enter the competition. — So will Joan. (So will Joan. = Joan will enter the competition.)

　　3. 句子替代

　　句子替代是指用替代词代替整个从句。主要替代词有so和not。 如：

　　— Do you think he’ll come tomorrow?

　　— Yes, I think so. (so = that he’ll come tomorrow)

　　No, I think not. (not = that he’ll not come tomorrow)

1 injured   

adj.受伤的

参考例句：

• Our best defender is injured and won't be able to play today.我们最佳的防守员受伤了，今天不能参加比赛。
• The injured men have been dug out of the snow.受伤人员从雪中被挖了出来。

2 firewood   

n.木柴；柴火

参考例句：

• Turn the firewood over and sun it.把柴火翻过来晒晒。
• He cut down the tree and cut it up for firewood.他把树砍倒，并把它劈成烧火用的小块。

3 paused   

v.停顿( pause的过去式和过去分词 )；暂停；（按暂停键）暂停放音；暂停放像

参考例句：

• We paused for the red light at State College Street. 我们在州立大学大街上因遇到红灯而停了一下。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The joggers paused to catch their breath. 慢跑者们暂停下来以便喘口气。 来自《简明英汉词典》

4 permits   

许可( permit的名词复数 )； 许可证； 执照

参考例句：

• The building permits are granted by the City Building Department. 建筑许可证由城建局签发。
• This task permits (of) no delay. 这项任务不允许有任何耽搁。

5 fluently   

adv.流利地，流畅地

参考例句：

• He speaks English very fluently.他说英语说得很流利。
• He could speak English as fluently as an Englishman.他说英语和英国人一样流利。