英语四级语法之时态语态

 　　说道时态和语态，你知道多少？跟小编一起来系统学习这些你好像很熟悉的语法问题，从现在开始好好备考，从基础抓起。

　　时态

　　1)现在完成进行时态 (have/has been + -ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.

　　I’ve been writing letters for an hour.

　　I’ve been sitting in the garden.

　　2)过去完成进行时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作

　　I’d been working for some time when he called.

　　We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.

　　3)将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.

　　By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.

　　In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.

　　4)将来完成时(由shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时会业已发生的事.

　　I shall have finished this one before lunch.

　　They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.

　　省略

　　在以as, than, when, if, unless等引导的从句中的省略: 在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一致a),或者主语是it b),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词be)省略掉.

　　Look out for cars when crossing the street.

　　When taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effects.

　　While there he joined in voluntary labour on a project.

　　Although not yet six months old, she was able to walk without support.

　　If not well managed, irrigation can be harmful.

　　Though reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting capacity.

　　This viewpoint, however understandable, is wrong.

　　Enemies, once discovered, were tightly¹ encircled and completely wiped out.

　　She hurriedly left the room as though/if angry.

　　She worked extremely hard though still rather poor in health.

　　Fill in the application as instructed.

　　Whenever known, such facts should be reported.

　　The documents will be returned as soon as signed.

　　He said that no acrobat² could ever perform those daring feats³ unless trained very young.

　　Once having made a promise, you should keep it.

　　If necessary I’ll have the letter duplicated⁴.

　　Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver) necessary.

　　If possible, I should like to have two copies of it.

　　As scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy⁵.

　　在以than a) 或 as b) 引起的从句中,常会有一些成分省略.

　　He told me not to use more material than (it is) necessary.

　　We should think more of the collective than of ourselves.

　　They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people (did).

　　He is now a vice-manager, but still often works in the kitchen as before.

　　Their training is free, as is all education.

　　We will, as always, stand on your side.

　　语态

　　可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:

　　He was said to be jealous of her success.

　　It was said that he was jealous of her success.

　　能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.

　　It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.

　　The ship is supposed to have been sunk.

　　担当be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如:

　　Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你应该晓得速度限制)

　　双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态

　　双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.

　　He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.

　　Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.

　　宾补结构的被动语态

　　She was called Big Sister by everybody.

　　Then he was made a squad⁶ leader.

　　He was considered quite qualified⁷ for the job.

　　The room was always kept clean and tidy.

　　短语动词

　　Vi + adv

　　The plane took off two hours late.

　　Vi + prep

　　They looked round the Cathedral.

　　Vi + prep (有被动语态)

　　She’s looking after her sister’s children.

　　The children were always well looked after.

　　Vi + adv + prep

　　I began to look forward to their visits.

　　Vt + O + adv

　　Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.

　　The children were brought up by their mother.

　　They took him on.

　　Vt + adv + O (无被动语态)

　　I am trying to give up smoking.

　　Vt + O + prep

　　We talked Donald into agreement.

1 tightly   

adv.紧紧地，坚固地，牢固地

参考例句：

• My child holds onto my hand tightly while we cross the street.横穿马路时，孩子紧拉着我的手不放。
• The crowd pressed together so tightly that we could hardly breathe.人群挤在一起，我们几乎喘不过气来。

2 acrobat   

n.特技演员，杂技演员

参考例句：

• The acrobat balanced a long pole on his left shoulder.杂技演员让一根长杆在他的左肩上保持平衡。
• The acrobat could bend himself into a hoop.这个杂技演员可以把身体蜷曲成圆形。

3 feats   

功绩，伟业，技艺( feat的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• He used to astound his friends with feats of physical endurance. 过去，他表现出来的惊人耐力常让朋友们大吃一惊。
• His heroic feats made him a legend in his own time. 他的英雄业绩使他成了他那个时代的传奇人物。

4 duplicated   

adj.复制出的，复写书的v.[遗传学]重复，被复制，复制( duplicate的过去式和过去分词 )；复印；使成双

参考例句：

• The newspaper had commenced as a duplicated broadsheet. 这家报纸最初为双面版。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• He duplicated his former mistakes. 他又犯了和以前一样的错误。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》

5 embassy   

n.大使馆，大使及其随员

参考例句：

• Large crowd demonstrated outside the British Embassy.很多群众在英国大使馆外面示威。
• He's a U.S. diplomat assigned to the embassy in London.他是美国驻伦敦大使馆的一名外交官。

6 squad   

n.班，小队，小团体；vt.把…编成班或小组

参考例句：

• The squad leader ordered the men to mark time.班长命令战士们原地踏步。
• A squad is the smallest unit in an army.班是军队的最小构成单位。

7 qualified   

adj.合格的，有资格的，胜任的，有限制的

参考例句：

• He is qualified as a complete man of letters.他有资格当真正的文学家。
• We must note that we still lack qualified specialists.我们必须看到我们还缺乏有资质的专家。