英语四级语法之定语从句详解

 　　英语四级语法中的重难点可以说是各种从句了，那小编问大家对定语从句知道多少？你对这个语法点掌握有多少？学习四级语法就在爱语吧！

　　限制和非限制性定语从句: 限制性定语从句是名词词组不可缺少的一个组成部分, 去掉了会造成病句或意义不明确; 非限制性定语从句属于补充说明性质, 去掉了不会影响主要意义, 通常用逗号与它的先行词分开.

　　The boys who wanted to play football were disappointed when it rained.

　　The boys, who wanted to play football, were disappointed when it rained.

　　如果定语从句的先行词是专有名词, 或是带有形容词性物主代词(my, his, etc)或形容词性指示代词(this, that, etc)作限定词, 其后的定语从句通常都是非限制性的:

　　Mary Smith, who is in the corner, wants to meet you.

　　Her mother, who had long suffered form arthritis¹, died last night.

　　All these books, which have been donated by visiting professors, are to be used by the postgraduates².

　　在非限制性定语从句中只能用who/whom指人, 用which指物,通常不用that替代.

　　My father, who had been on a visit to America, returned yesterday.

　　All the books, which had pictures in them, were sent to the little girl.

　　定语从句的引导词

　　that, who, whom: 非限制性定语从句, 如果修饰人, 一般用who, 有时用that (作主语时用who较多). 如果关系代词在从句中作宾语, 就应当用宾格 whom 或that, 但在大多数情况下都可以省略掉, 在口语中可用who代替whom.

　　Here is the man (whom) you’ve been looking for.

　　He is a man (that) you can safely depend on.

　　The people (who/that) you were talking to were Swedes.

　　There are some people here who I want you to meet.

　　但在介词后只能用whom:

　　This is the man to whom I referred.

　　但在口语中一般都把介词放到句子后面去, 这时可用that, 但省略时更多一些.

　　Have you met the person about whom he was speaking?

　　Have you met the person (that) he was speaking about

　　The girl to whom I spoke³ is my cousin.

　　The girl (who/that) I spoke to is my cousin.

　　限制性定语从句如果修饰“物”, 用关系代词that的时候较多, 也有时用which.. 当这个代词在从句中是用作宾语时, 在绝大多数情况下都是省略的, 特别是口语中(尤其是当被修饰的词是all, everything等词时):

　　Have you everything you need?

　　(Is there) anything I can do for you?

　　All you have to do is to press the button.

　　在介词后只能用which, 在口语中一般都把介词放到从句后部去, 这时可以用that, 但省略的时候更多一些:

　　The tool with which he is working is called a wrench⁴.

　　The tool (that) he is working with is called a wrench.

　　This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion⁵.

　　This is the question (that) we’ve had so much discussion about.

　　定语从句一般是修饰名词或代词的, 但间或也可以修饰整个句子a), 或是句子的一部分 b), 引导词用which:

　　They have invited me to visit their country, which is very kind of them.

　　The activity was postponed⁶, which was exactly what we wanted

　　When deeply absorbed in work, which he often was, he would forget all about eating and sleeping.

　　She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.

　　whose: 在表示“...的”这个概念时, 可用所有格 whose; whose 用于指物, 有时可与of which交替使用, 通常的词序是名词词组 + of which:

　　Is there anyone in your class whose family is in the northeast?

　　We had a meeting whose purpose was completely unclear. (…the purpose of which was…)

　　He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely forgotten. (…whose name I’ve…)

　　of which前的名词词组也可以由some, any, none, all, both, several, enough, many, most, few以及基数词担任; 这些词也能用在 of whom之前.

　　The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.

　　It’s a family of eight children, all of whom are studying music.

　　关系副词 when, where, why: 它们的含义相当于 at which, in which, for which, 因此它们之间有交替使用的可能.

　　The day when he was born…

　　on which he was born…

　　which he was born on…

　　The office where he works⁷…

　　at which he works…

　　which he works at…

　　有时可用that替代关系副词, 在口语中that 可省略.

　　Every time (that) the telephone rings, he gets nervous.

　　This was the first time I had serious trouble with my boss.

　　Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink?

　　This is the place (where) we met yesterday.

　　That is the reason (why) he did it.

　　在the way 后也可用that 替代in which, 在口语中that也可省略.

　　This is the way (that/in which) he did it.

　　That’s the way I look at it.

　　如果定语从句中谓语为 there is, 作主语的关系代词也常可省掉:

　　I must make full use of the time there is left to me and do as much as I can for the people.

　　This is the fastest train (that) there is to Nanjing.

　　定语从句的简化: 定语从句与不定式结构, -ing分词结构, -ed分词结构以及无动词分句等有着转换关系.

　　He was the only one to realize the danger (= who realized the danger).

　　The woman driving the car (= who was driving the car) indicated that she was going to turn left.

　　The man injured by the bullet⁸ (= who was injured by the bullet) was taken to hospital.

　　All the women present (= who were present) looked up in alarm.

1 arthritis   

n.关节炎

参考例句：

• Rheumatoid arthritis has also been linked with the virus.风湿性关节炎也与这种病毒有关。
• He spent three months in the hospital with acute rheumatic arthritis.他患急性风湿性关节炎，在医院住了三个月。

2 postgraduates   

研究生( postgraduate的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Professor Zhu will give lectures to the postgraduates [graduate students] this term. 朱教授这学期给研究生开课。
• These postgraduates were a very talented group. 这些研究生是一群天分很高的学生。

3 spoke   

n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说

参考例句：

• They sourced the spoke nuts from our company.他们的轮辐螺帽是从我们公司获得的。
• The spokes of a wheel are the bars that connect the outer ring to the centre.辐条是轮子上连接外圈与中心的条棒。

4 wrench   

v.猛拧；挣脱；使扭伤；n.扳手；痛苦，难受

参考例句：

• He gave a wrench to his ankle when he jumped down.他跳下去的时候扭伤了足踝。
• It was a wrench to leave the old home.离开这个老家非常痛苦。

5 discussion   

n.讨论，谈论；论述

参考例句：

• It is certain he will come to the discussion.他肯定会来参加讨论。
• After months of discussion,a peace agreement is gradually taking shape.经过几个月的商讨，和平协议渐渐有了眉目。

6 postponed   

vt.& vi.延期，缓办，（使）延迟vt.把…放在次要地位；[语]把…放在后面（或句尾）vi.（疟疾等）延缓发作（或复发）

参考例句：

• The trial was postponed indefinitely. 审讯无限期延迟。
• The game has already been postponed three times. 这场比赛已经三度延期了。

7 works   

n.作品，著作；工厂，活动部件，机件

参考例句：

• We expect writers to produce more and better works.我们期望作家们写出更多更好的作品。
• The novel is regarded as one of the classic works.这篇小说被公认为是最优秀的作品之一。

8 bullet   

n.枪弹，子弹

参考例句：

• The bullet wound in his shoulder was opened up for treatment.切开他肩上的枪伤进行治疗。
• The bullet missed me by a hair's s breadth.那颗子弹差一点就打中了我。