PBS高端访谈:巧妙躲过纳粹大屠杀 犹太人经历了什么

In the 1930s, when the Nazis¹ began?their occupation of Europe, they set up ghettos for more than one million Jews, forcing them to live and work in fenced-off communities.

上世纪30年代，当纳粹开始占领欧洲时，他们为100多万犹太人建立了隔离区，迫使他们在隔离的社区中生活和工作。

Once the Nazis arrived at the Final Solution, the mass murder of Jews, most ghetto² residents were killed.

一旦纳粹找到了最终解决方案，即大规模屠杀犹太人，大多数贫民窟犹太居民被杀害。

Some 25,000 of them, though, escaped the ghettos to hide in the woods, but few survived.??

然而，他们中约有2.5万人逃离了贫民窟，躲进了树林，但幸存下来的人寥寥无几。

The members of one family who spent years in the forest are now telling their story.

一个在森林里生活了数年的家庭成员现在正在讲述他们的故事。

Author Rebecca Frankel writes about them in her new book, "Into the Forest."

作家丽贝卡·弗兰克尔在她的新书《走进森林》中描述了他们。

She recently sat down with "NewsHour" producer Ali Rogin.

她最近接受了《新闻一小时》制片人阿里·罗金的采访。

Rebecca Frankel, thank you so much for being here.

丽贝卡·弗兰克尔，非常感谢你来到这里。

Your new book, "Into the Forest," is first and foremost a story of survival, and at the heart of it is the Rabinowitz family.

你的新书《走进森林》首先是一个关于生存的故事，书的核心是拉比诺维茨一家。

So, can you tell me a little bit about them and what they endured?

你能告诉我一些关于他们的事情以及他们的经历吗？

Sure.

当然。

So, the Rabinowitz family was a normal family in 1930s Poland. They lived in a very small town called Zhetel.

因此，拉比诺维茨家族在20世纪30年代的波兰是一个普通的家庭。他们住在一个叫哲特尔的小镇上。

IIt was Morris and Miriam were married, and they had two young, very sweet,?adorable daughters, Rochel and Tania.

莫里斯和米里亚姆结婚了，他们有两个非常可爱的年轻女儿，罗切尔和塔尼亚。

And they were basically just going about their lives.

他们基本上只是过着自己的小日子。

Morris was a lumber³ dealer⁴. Miriam owned a small shop.

莫里斯是一个木材商人。米里亚姆开了一家小商店。

And they were, of course, a Jewish family,

当然，他们是一个犹太家庭，

which, ultimately, as the 1930s would continue and as Germany's influence in Poland and the politics started having a meddling⁵ influence, certainly, that changed for the worse.

最终，随着20世纪30年代的延续，随着德国对波兰的影响和政治干预，当然，情况变得更糟了。

Their fortunes change. They are sent into the ghetto.

他们的命运改变了。他们被送到犹太人隔离区。

And tell us about what their experience was like in the ghetto.

告诉我们他们在犹太人隔离区的经历。

So, when the Germans invaded and they broke their pact⁶ with Russia in 1941, that's when things for Zhetel started to get really bad.

1941年，德国人入侵俄罗斯，撕毁了与俄罗斯的协议，这对哲泰尔小镇来说，事情开始变得非常糟糕。

All of the Jews of the small town in Zhetel, they were interned⁷ in a ghetto.??

哲特尔小镇上所有的犹太人，都被关押在犹太人区。

And then the selection started.?

然后选择开始了。

And what this meant, of course,?was that the Germans were separating out the Jews that could provide some sort of service,?were of some value in terms of labor⁸, or they were doctors or craftsmen⁹ or architects or engineers.

当然，这意味着，德国人将能够提供某种服务的，有劳动价值的犹太人分离出来，他们可能是医生，工匠，建筑师或工程师。

And the people who suffered most then, of course, were small children without parents,? the elderly, the infirm, and even just women who didn't have working certificates.

当然，当时受苦最深的人是没有父母的小孩、老人、体弱者，甚至是没有工作证的女性。

But one thing for these small communities in these more forest-adjacent towns in Poland and Belarussia and other countries closer to Russia, one thing started to give them hope.

但是有一件事，对于波兰和白俄罗斯以及其他靠近俄罗斯的国家中这些更靠近森林的城镇中的小社区，来说，有一件事开始给他们带来希望。

And that was this idea that they could run away to the forest.

那就是他们可以逃到森林里去的想法。

And what was happening then was that the Soviet¹⁰ fighters who had been sort of behind enemy lines at this point were regrouping into guerrilla fighting units,

当时的情况是，当时处于敌后的苏联战士重新集结成游击部队，

and they were slowly mounting this outside fight against Germany.

他们缓慢地发动了对德国的外部战争。

And so these Jews in the ghetto, not many of them were able to do it, but some of them did escape their ghettos, and they did run to the forest.?

所以在犹太人隔离区，没有多少人能做到这样，但有些人确实逃离了犹太人隔离区，他们确实逃到了森林里。

And, of course, this is what happened with the Rabinowitz family.

当然，这就是拉比诺维茨家族的情况。

They were able to escape in August of 1942, right during the most terrible thing that happened to the Jews of Zhetel,

他们在1942年8月成功逃脱，就在哲泰尔镇的犹太人遭遇最可怕的事情期间，

which, of course, was the liquidation¹¹ of the ghetto, when the Nazis basically killed all of the remaining Jews, except for a very small number.

当然，这就是犹太区的清算，当时纳粹基本上杀死了所有剩下的犹太人，除了一小部分。

1 Nazis   

n.（德国的）纳粹党员( Nazi的名词复数 )；纳粹主义

参考例句：

• The Nazis worked them over with gun butts. 纳粹分子用枪托毒打他们。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The Nazis were responsible for the mass murder of Jews during World War Ⅱ. 纳粹必须为第二次世界大战中对犹太人的大屠杀负责。 来自《简明英汉词典》

2 ghetto   

n.少数民族聚居区，贫民区

参考例句：

• Racism and crime still flourish in the ghetto.城市贫民区的种族主义和犯罪仍然十分猖獗。
• I saw that achievement as a possible pattern for the entire ghetto.我把获得的成就看作整个黑人区可以仿效的榜样。

3 lumber   

n.木材，木料；v.以破旧东西堆满；伐木；笨重移动

参考例句：

• The truck was sent to carry lumber.卡车被派出去运木材。
• They slapped together a cabin out of old lumber.他们利用旧木料草草地盖起了一间小屋。

4 dealer   

n.商人，贩子

参考例句：

• The dealer spent hours bargaining for the painting.那个商人为购买那幅画花了几个小时讨价还价。
• The dealer reduced the price for cash down.这家商店对付现金的人减价优惠。

5 meddling   

v.干涉，干预（他人事务）( meddle的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• He denounced all "meddling" attempts to promote a negotiation. 他斥责了一切“干预”促成谈判的企图。 来自辞典例句
• They liked this field because it was never visited by meddling strangers. 她们喜欢这块田野，因为好事的陌生人从来不到那里去。 来自辞典例句

6 pact   

n.合同，条约，公约，协定

参考例句：

• The two opposition parties made an electoral pact.那两个反对党订了一个有关选举的协定。
• The trade pact between those two countries came to an end.那两国的通商协定宣告结束。

7 interned   

v.拘留，关押( intern的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• He was interned but,as he was in no way implicated in war crimes,was released. 他曾被拘留过，但因未曾涉嫌战争罪行而被释放了。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• These soldiers were interned in a neutral country until the war was over. 这些士兵被拘留在一个中立国，直到战争结束。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》

8 labor   

n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦

参考例句：

• We are never late in satisfying him for his labor.我们从不延误付给他劳动报酬。
• He was completely spent after two weeks of hard labor.艰苦劳动两周后，他已经疲惫不堪了。

9 craftsmen   

n. 技工

参考例句：

• rugs handmade by local craftsmen 由当地工艺师手工制作的小地毯
• The craftsmen have ensured faithful reproduction of the original painting. 工匠保证要复制一幅最接近原作的画。

10 Soviet   

adj.苏联的，苏维埃的；n.苏维埃

参考例句：

• Zhukov was a marshal of the former Soviet Union.朱可夫是前苏联的一位元帅。
• Germany began to attack the Soviet Union in 1941.德国在1941年开始进攻苏联。

11 liquidation   

n.清算，停止营业

参考例句：

• The bankrupt company went into liquidation.这家破产公司停业清盘。
• He lost all he possessed when his company was put into liquidation.当公司被清算结业时他失去了拥有的一切。