新闻周刊:非洲基因对癌症研究很重要(7)

H3Africa has tried to allay¹ the concerns by letting scientists own their samples for longer.

“非洲H3”试图缓解这些焦虑，让科学家将自己的样品保留的时间更久一些。

International standards of genetic³ research dictate⁴ that data be made publicly available.

国际遗传研究标准要求数据公开。

But H3Africa gives scientists 23 months of exclusivity, so they can study and publish their data without competition.

但是“非洲H3”给了科学家23个月的专有权，所以他们可以在没有竞争的情况下研究和发布他们的数据。

Publications increase the profile of scientists, making them more attractive to funders, which in turn enriches their country.

出版物增加了科学家的知名度，对资助者更有吸引力，这反过来又增益了他们的国家。

Biological samples are protected for even longer.

生物样本被保护的时间更长。

"For three years,"de Vries and colleagues wrote in a 2015 paper outlining the program's policies,

“三年内，”德·弗里斯和同事们在2015年的一篇论文中概述了该项目的政策，

"samples can only be used for research that strengthens African research capacity."

“样品只能用于加强非洲研究能力的研究。”

Still, protecting scientists from competition doesn't necessarily protect patients,

尽管如此，科学家免受竞争伤害的保护并不一定会保护病人，

the hardest-hit victims of past exploitation because they gave their tissue and needed better medical care.

他们是过去遭受剥削最严重的受害者，因为他们提供了组织，需要更好的医疗服务。

Ethical⁵ guidelines for genetic research—these vary country to country, and H3Africa has its own strict regulations—say patients must give informed consent when they donate samples.

遗传研究的伦理指南——每个国家各不相同，“非洲H3”也有自己严格的规定——即病人在捐献样本时必须得到知情同意。

But most languages across Africa lack words for technical terms like gene² or biopsy.

但是非洲的大多数语言都缺少像基因或活检这样的专业术语。

Attempts to cross the language barrier haven't always gone smoothly⁶.

跨越语言障碍的尝试并不总是一帆风顺。

One well-intentioned scientist created educational material using eye color to explain heredity—

一位好心的科学家用眼睛的颜色创造了教育材料来解释遗传——

this on a continent of people with brown eyes.

在一个有着棕色眼睛的大陆上。

And if the information is too technical, says Ogechukwu Ikwueme, who conducts H3Africa-supported breast cancer research at Nigeria’s University of Abuja, patients shut down.

尼日利亚阿布贾大学负责“非洲H3”乳腺癌研究的Ogechukwu Ikwueme说，如果信息传达技术性过强，患者就会拒绝。

Gender⁷ dynamics⁸ and community hierarchies⁹ also impede¹⁰ consent.

性别动力学和社区等级制度也阻碍了同意。

These problems pervade¹¹ scientific research everywhere.

这些问题到处都是科学研究。

But in Africa, poverty, low education levels, poor access to health care, language barriers and cultural restrictions¹² amplify¹³ the concern.

但在非洲，贫困、低教育水平、缺乏医疗保健、语言障碍和文化限制加剧了人们的担忧。

Rotimi often wrestles¹⁴ with questions about the women enrolling¹⁵ in his studies.

罗蒂米经常需要解决涉及他研究的女性相关问题。

"Is she participating because her husband has said so," he wonders, "or is she actually doing it on her own?"

1 allay   

v.消除，减轻(恐惧、怀疑等)

参考例句：

• The police tried to allay her fears but failed.警察力图减轻她的恐惧，但是没有收到什么效果。
• They are trying to allay public fears about the spread of the disease.他们正竭力减轻公众对这种疾病传播的恐惧。

2 gene   

n.遗传因子，基因

参考例句：

• A single gene may have many effects.单一基因可能具有很多种效应。
• The targeting of gene therapy has been paid close attention.其中基因治疗的靶向性是值得密切关注的问题之一。

3 genetic   

adj.遗传的，遗传学的

参考例句：

• It's very difficult to treat genetic diseases.遗传性疾病治疗起来很困难。
• Each daughter cell can receive a full complement of the genetic information.每个子细胞可以收到遗传信息的一个完全补偿物。

4 dictate   

v.口授；(使)听写；指令，指示，命令

参考例句：

• It took him a long time to dictate this letter.口述这封信花了他很长时间。
• What right have you to dictate to others?你有什么资格向别人发号施令？

5 ethical   

adj.伦理的，道德的，合乎道德的

参考例句：

• It is necessary to get the youth to have a high ethical concept.必须使青年具有高度的道德观念。
• It was a debate which aroused fervent ethical arguments.那是一场引发强烈的伦理道德争论的辩论。

6 smoothly   

adv.平滑地，顺利地，流利地，流畅地

参考例句：

• The workmen are very cooperative,so the work goes on smoothly.工人们十分合作，所以工作进展顺利。
• Just change one or two words and the sentence will read smoothly.这句话只要动一两个字就顺了。

7 gender   

n.（生理上的）性，（名词、代词等的）性

参考例句：

• French differs from English in having gender for all nouns.法语不同于英语，所有的名词都有性。
• Women are sometimes denied opportunities solely because of their gender.妇女有时仅仅因为性别而无法获得种种机会。

8 dynamics   

n.力学，动力学，动力，原动力；动态

参考例句：

• In order to succeed,you must master complicated knowledge of dynamics.要取得胜利，你必须掌握很复杂的动力学知识。
• Dynamics is a discipline that cannot be mastered without extensive practice.动力学是一门不做大量习题就不能掌握的学科。

9 hierarchies   

等级制度( hierarchy的名词复数 )； 统治集团； 领导层； 层次体系

参考例句：

• That's a trip of two hierarchies. 那是两个领导层之间的互访。
• Hierarchies of authority, spans of control, long-range plans, and budgets. 等级森严的权力机构，控制范围，长期计划，预算。 来自英汉文学 - 廊桥遗梦

10 impede   

v.妨碍，阻碍，阻止

参考例句：

• One shouldn't impede other's progress.一个人不应该妨碍他人进步。
• The muddy roads impede our journey.我们的旅游被泥泞的道路阻挠了。

11 pervade   

v.弥漫，遍及，充满，渗透，漫延

参考例句：

• Science and technology have come to pervade every aspect of our lives.科学和技术已经渗透到我们生活的每一个方面。
• The smell of sawdust and glue pervaded the factory.工厂里弥漫着锯屑和胶水的气味。

12 restrictions   

约束( restriction的名词复数 )； 管制； 制约因素； 带限制性的条件（或规则）

参考例句：

• I found the restrictions irksome. 我对那些限制感到很烦。
• a snaggle of restrictions 杂乱无章的种种限制

13 amplify   

vt.放大，增强；详述，详加解说

参考例句：

• The new manager wants to amplify the company.新经理想要扩大公司。
• Please amplify your remarks by giving us some examples.请举例详述你的话。

14 wrestles   

v.（与某人）搏斗( wrestle的第三人称单数 )；扭成一团；扭打；（与…）摔跤

参考例句：

• The book also wrestles with the idea of individualism. 书中也与个人英雄主义的观念进行搏斗。 来自互联网
• He that wrestles with us strengthens our nerves and sharpens our skill. 和我们搏斗的人锻炼了我们的勇气，磨练了我们的技能。 来自互联网

15 enrolling   

v.招收( enrol的现在分词 )；吸收；入学；加入；[亦作enrol]( enroll的现在分词 )；登记，招收，使入伍（或入会、入学等），参加，成为成员；记入名册；卷起，包起

参考例句：

• They lashed out at the university enrolling system. 他们猛烈抨击大学的招生制度。 来自辞典例句
• You're enrolling in a country club, Billy. 你是注册加入乡村俱乐部了，比利。 来自辞典例句