新闻周刊:娜斯鲍姆专访:特朗普的恐惧厌恶策略可以被击败(2)

In Monarchy¹ of Fear, you write of the epiphany you had on the night Trump² was elected president in 2016.

在《恐惧的君主制》中，你写到了2016年特朗普当选总统当晚你的顿悟。

I was in Japan, isolated³ from my friends and unable to express my upset and fear in the usual way—by talking to and hugging them. There was this churning of panic as the news came in. I already knew the electorate⁴ was divided, so why was I so terrified? I realized people were feeling that way all over the place. Some fear can be good, but this was a seething⁵ current of emotion preventing people from getting together and talking to each other about what we should do to fix the nation’s problems.

当时我在日本，没和朋友们在一块，无法用通常的方式表达我的不安和恐惧——交谈和拥抱。消息传来，一片恐慌。我早就知道选民们意见不一，所以为何我那么害怕呢? 我意识到到处都有人有这种感觉。有些恐惧可能是好事，但这是一种强烈的情绪，阻止人们聚在一起，讨论我们应该做些什么来解决国家的问题。

How do you define fear?

你如何定义恐惧?

It is the most primitive⁶ emotion, and the first one felt by an infant arriving in this rather painful world, in desperate need of someone to protect them. When we feel helpless later in life, fear makes us scapegoat⁷ others. Instead of fixing the problems, we say, “Oh, it’s all their fault—those women or immigrants are infesting⁸ our country.” Rather than useful protest or constructive⁹ solutions, we get angry at these handy targets.

这是一种最原始的情感，是一个婴儿来到这个相当痛苦的世界，迫切需要有人来保护他们的第一种感受。当我们在之后的生活中感到无助时，恐惧使我们成为别人的替罪羊。我们并不是解决问题，而是说，“哦，都是他们的错——那些妇女和移民在我们国家出没。”我们对这些便利的目标感到愤怒，而不是采取有用的抗议或建设性的解决方案。

Fear is also behind disgust, a visceral reaction to our own mortality and animality—feces and bodily fluids and such. This is true across every single society; we project grossness onto a racial or gender¹⁰ subgroup or caste. A big part of social subordination and discrimination is to ascribe hyper-animality to other groups and use that as an excuse for subordinating them further. And then we feel better about ourselves; we can be the angels, and they can be the animals.

厌恶的背后也隐藏着恐惧，厌恶是对我们自身的死亡和动物性的本能反应——粪便和体液等等。每个社会都是如此；我们把粗俗投射到一个种族或性别亚群或社会地位上。社会从属和歧视的很大一部分是将超兽性归因于其他群体，并以此作为进一步从属他们的借口。然后我们自我感觉更好；我们可以是天使，他们可以是动物。

Women, with their menstrual periods and childbirth, have always been targets of this in all cultures. They have come to stand for the disgusting body. There’s the long-standing trope of racism¹¹, that black people are more animal. And Jews were often compared to insects; Kafka’s Metamorphosis was about how a man suddenly turns into a cockroach¹².

在所有文化中，月经周期和分娩都是这方面的目标。他们是来代表那令人作呕的身体的。长期以来一直存在种族主义的说法，即黑人更像动物。犹太人经常被比作昆虫；卡夫卡的《变形记》讲的是一个人如何突然变成一只蟑螂。

Disgust is something that rears up at times when we feel helpless or fearful. All of a sudden, you find people talking in ways that we thought we had given up. Consider Trump, who talks about African nations as shitholes and immigrants as infestations¹³, like insects.

当我们感到无助或恐惧的时候，厌恶就会出现。突然间，你会发现人们在用我们以为已经放弃的方式说话。想想特朗普吧，他把非洲国家说成是地洞，把移民说成是害虫。

1 monarchy   

n.君主，最高统治者；君主政体，君主国

参考例句：

• The monarchy in England plays an important role in British culture.英格兰的君主政体在英国文化中起重要作用。
• The power of the monarchy in Britain today is more symbolical than real.今日英国君主的权力多为象徵性的，无甚实际意义。

2 trump   

n.王牌，法宝；v.打出王牌，吹喇叭

参考例句：

• He was never able to trump up the courage to have a showdown.他始终鼓不起勇气摊牌。
• The coach saved his star player for a trump card.教练保留他的明星选手，作为他的王牌。

3 isolated   

adj.与世隔绝的

参考例句：

• His bad behaviour was just an isolated incident. 他的不良行为只是个别事件。
• Patients with the disease should be isolated. 这种病的患者应予以隔离。

4 electorate   

n.全体选民；选区

参考例句：

• The government was responsible to the electorate.政府对全体选民负责。
• He has the backing of almost a quarter of the electorate.他得到了几乎1/4选民的支持。

5 seething   

沸腾的，火热的

参考例句：

• The stadium was a seething cauldron of emotion. 体育场内群情沸腾。
• The meeting hall was seething at once. 会场上顿时沸腾起来了。

6 primitive   

adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物

参考例句：

• It is a primitive instinct to flee a place of danger.逃离危险的地方是一种原始本能。
• His book describes the march of the civilization of a primitive society.他的著作描述了一个原始社会的开化过程。

7 scapegoat   

n.替罪的羔羊，替人顶罪者；v.使…成为替罪羊

参考例句：

• He has been made a scapegoat for the company's failures.他成了公司倒闭的替罪羊。
• They ask me to join the party so that I'll be their scapegoat when trouble comes.他们想叫我入伙，出了乱子，好让我替他们垫背。

8 infesting   

v.害虫、野兽大批出没于( infest的现在分词 )；遍布于

参考例句：

• Crime and drugs are infesting the inner cities. 市中心充斥着犯罪与毒品。 来自辞典例句
• They are mainly forest scavengers infesting damp, rotted wood. 它们主要是些森林食腐动物，多侵害潮湿腐朽的木材。 来自辞典例句

9 constructive   

adj.建设的，建设性的

参考例句：

• We welcome constructive criticism.我们乐意接受有建设性的批评。
• He is beginning to deal with his anger in a constructive way.他开始用建设性的方法处理自己的怒气。

10 gender   

n.（生理上的）性，（名词、代词等的）性

参考例句：

• French differs from English in having gender for all nouns.法语不同于英语，所有的名词都有性。
• Women are sometimes denied opportunities solely because of their gender.妇女有时仅仅因为性别而无法获得种种机会。

11 racism   

n.民族主义；种族歧视(意识)

参考例句：

• He said that racism is endemic in this country.他说种族主义在该国很普遍。
• Racism causes political instability and violence.种族主义道致政治动荡和暴力事件。

12 cockroach   

n.蟑螂

参考例句：

• A cockroach can live several weeks with its head off.蟑螂在头被切掉后仍能活好几个星期。
• She screamed when she found a cockroach in her bed.她在床上找到一只蟑螂时大声尖叫。

13 infestations   

n.（害虫、盗贼等）群袭，出没，横行( infestation的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The arrival of warm weather raises the specter of disease and increased rat infestations caused by rotting garbage. 天气转暖使人们担心垃圾腐烂会引起疾病传播和鼠群猖獗。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Piperazine citrate is the drug of choice in the treatment of Ascaris infestations. 枸橼酸哌嗪治疗蛔虫感染是最好的药物。 来自辞典例句