走进耶鲁大学 第14期:1828年耶鲁报告(1)

 The Yale Report of 1828

1828年耶鲁报告

Due to the industrial revolution and the increase in agriculture in the 19th century, there were many changes that affected¹ higher education in the United States. Issues in controversy² include: Church versus³ state control of higher education; the value of the college versus that of the university, and classical curriculum versus elective courses. The last issue mentioned will be the concern here.

19世纪，随着工业革命的发展和农业的进步，出现了许多新的因素，冲击着美国的高等教育。其中包括：高等教育应由教会控制还是地方政府控制，学院与大学谁的价值更高，以及古典学科与选课系统的矛盾。此处将讨论的正是古典学科与选课系统的矛盾。

To meet the varying demands of the community, as well as to accommodate the course of instruction to the rapid advance of the country, there was a gradual movement toward a more open, elective course of study at colleges around the United States. Advocates for change believed that curriculum should offer vocational education so as to prepare a man for living, and the curriculum should be relevant to commerce, industry, and agriculture. In this way, students would be able to pursue a specific plan of study so that he could learn a trade and become a positive contributor to the community in which he lived. In addition, they criticized Latin and Greek to be "dead languages" which should be replaced by practical courses. On the other side of the debate was the view that traditional curriculum should stay, called the "conservative view". Yale leaders are the representatives.

为了适应社会不断变化的需求，为了使大学的教程跟上国家前进的步伐，美国各地高校渐渐掀起了一场倡导开放式教学、实行选课制的浪潮。变革派坚持认为，大学课程应该提供职业化教育，教人谋生的本领；授课内容应该涉及商业、工业、农业，这样，学生在校期间便有一个明确的学习计划，如此才能学精一个行业，成为一个能为其所属集体积极贡献力量的人。此外，变革派还批判拉丁语、希腾语为"死了的语言", 建议由实用学科取代这些课程。与之相反，有些人认为应该保留这些传统学科，因而被称作"保守派"。耶鲁大学的校领导是这一派的代表人物。

In September, 1827，Yale president Reverend Jeremiah Day organized a group of professors to discuss the future of classical curriculum. The Yale Report of 1828，being the resolution of the committee of the Yale corporation, was issued to rebut⁴ critics who were challenging the classical curriculum. It was made out in two parts: one containing a summary view of the plan of education at Yale and a general discussion of the nature of liberal education, composed by the President Jeriemiah Day; the other, an inquiry⁵ into the expediency⁶ of insisting on the study of the ancient languages, argues for the retention⁷ of Greek and Latin literature in the college curriculum, written by professor James L.Kinsley. It was firstly issued in American Science and Art Journal as A Report on the Course of Liberal Education, later on called The Yale Report.

1827年9月，耶鲁大学校长杰里迈亚.戴牧师组织一批教授研讨古典学科的去留问题。次年，发表了著名的《1828年耶鲁报告》。耶鲁集团董事会通过这项报告，就是为了反驳那些挑战传统学科地位的人。报告共分两部分：前一部分主要对学院教学 计划进行考察分析，讨论自由教育的本质，由院长杰里迈亚·执笔；后一部分是为古典语文教学辩护，论证保留希腊、拉丁文学的必要性和可行性，由詹姆斯L·斯利教授执笔。这个报告最初发表在《美国科学与艺术学刊》上，题为《一份关于博雅课程 的报告》，后来，人们习惯称之为《耶鲁报告》。

1 affected   

adj.不自然的，假装的

参考例句：

• She showed an affected interest in our subject.她假装对我们的课题感到兴趣。
• His manners are affected.他的态度不自然。

2 controversy   

n.争论，辩论，争吵

参考例句：

• That is a fact beyond controversy.那是一个无可争论的事实。
• We ran the risk of becoming the butt of every controversy.我们要冒使自己在所有的纷争中都成为众矢之的的风险。

3 versus   

prep.以…为对手，对；与…相比之下

参考例句：

• The big match tonight is England versus Spain.今晚的大赛是英格兰对西班牙。
• The most exciting game was Harvard versus Yale.最富紧张刺激的球赛是哈佛队对耶鲁队。

4 rebut   

v.辩驳，驳回

参考例句：

• He attempted to rebut the assertions made by the prosecution witness.他试图反驳控方证人所作的断言。
• This open letter is to rebut the argument of abstractionism.这封公开信是反驳抽象派论点的。

5 inquiry   

n.打听，询问，调查，查问

参考例句：

• Many parents have been pressing for an inquiry into the problem.许多家长迫切要求调查这个问题。
• The field of inquiry has narrowed down to five persons.调查的范围已经缩小到只剩5个人了。

6 expediency   

n.适宜；方便；合算；利己

参考例句：

• The government is torn between principle and expediency. 政府在原则与权宜之间难于抉择。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• It was difficult to strike the right balance between justice and expediency. 在公正与私利之间很难两全。 来自辞典例句

7 retention   

n.保留，保持，保持力，记忆力

参考例句：

• They advocate the retention of our nuclear power plants.他们主张保留我们的核电厂。
• His retention of energy at this hour is really surprising.人们惊叹他在这个时候还能保持如此旺盛的精力。