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科学美国人60秒 SSS 啤酒发酵跳跃式前进

时间:2019-01-04 06:22来源:互联网 提供网友:nan   字体: [ ]
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Beer Fermentation Hops2 Along

The Allagash Brewing4 Company, in Maine, makes a lot of "bottle-conditioned" beers—brews that get their carbonation by fermenting5 a second time, in the bottle, as yeast6 belch7 out CO2. "And because they do bottle conditioning they're meticulous8 about monitoring package pressures. It's a way for them to follow the progression of this re-fermentation in the bottle." Thomas Shellhammer is a brewing scientist at Oregon State University. Who freely acknowledges: "It's a fun job. Science and beer."

缅因州的阿拉加什酿酒公司生产许多“瓶装”啤酒,它们通过在瓶中二次发酵获得碳酸,因为酵母会喷出二氧化碳。因为他们做的是瓶子调节,所以他们对包装压力的监测非常细致。对他们来说,这是一种跟踪瓶中再发酵过程的方法。Thomas Shellhammer是俄勒冈州立大学的酿酒科学家。他坦率地承认:“这是一份有趣的工作。科学和啤酒。”

At any rate, not long ago, Allagash noticed some very high pressures in some of their bottles. Not quite exploding. But alarming enough for them to give Shellhammer a call.

不管怎么说,不久以前,阿拉加什注意到他们的一些瓶子里有些压力很大。不爆炸。但这足以让他们提高警觉给Shellhammer打电话了。

What he and his colleague Kaylyn Kirkpatrick found was that hops—the bittering agent in beers—might be to blame. Because the aromatic9 flowers contain enzymes10 that can chew up starch11. Typically, when hop1 flowers are added during the initial cooking of the fermentable12 brew3, those key enzymes are denatured. And thus the flowers' only role is as a flavoring agent.

他和他的同事Kaylyn Kirkpatrick发现啤酒花——啤酒中的苦味剂——可能是罪魁祸首。因为芳香的花朵含有可以消化淀粉的酶。通常,当啤酒花在可发酵啤酒的最初烹饪过程中添加时,那些关键酶就会变性。因此,花的唯一作用就是调味剂。

But as the demand for hoppy13 beers has grown, brewers have been looking for other tricks to get those juicy, fruity, herbal aromas15 into beers. So they've been what’s called "dry-hopping16" beers—dumping loads of hops into the beer during or after fermentation, rather than during the initial boil.

但随着啤酒花啤酒需求的增长,酿酒商们一直在寻找其他的方法来将这些多汁、果香、香草味融入啤酒中。这就是所谓的“干跳”啤酒——在发酵过程中或发酵后,而不是在最初的煮沸过程中,往啤酒里倾倒大量的啤酒花。

"There's an upward limit to how much hops you'd want to put in the kettle because the beers just get unpalatably bitter. But if a brewer14 focuses on dry hopping they can put very large amounts of hops into beer to create intense hoppy flavors."

“你想往水壶里放多少啤酒花是有上限的,因为啤酒会变得难以下咽。”但如果啤酒酿造者专注于干跳,他们可以在啤酒中加入大量啤酒花,以产生强烈的啤酒花味道。

Problem is, adding hops late doesn't deactivate17 their starch-attacking enzymes. And they're able to break down starches18 the yeasts19 weren't able to attack, unleashing20 even more sugar into the brew. And if yeast are still hanging out, as in Allagash's bottle-conditioned beers, that kickstarts additional fermentation. And that boosts alcohol by volume and carbon dioxide concentration—to potentially explosive levels.

问题是,晚加入啤酒花并不会破坏它们的淀粉攻击酶。它们能够分解淀粉酵母不能攻击,释放出更多的糖到酿造液中。如果酵母仍然存在,就像阿拉加什的瓶装啤酒一样,就会启动额外的发酵过程。这就使酒精的体积和二氧化碳浓度上升到潜在的爆炸性水平。

"Basically the hops are taking something that's considered by brewers to be unfermentable, and breaking them down to the point where they can actually re-ferment, or become fermentable, or potentially contribute to sweetness, as beer ages."

“啤酒花基本上就是把啤酒酿造者认为是不可发酵的东西,分解成可以重新发酵的部分,或者可以发酵的部分,或者可以增加甜度的部分,随着啤酒的老化。”

The full detective story is in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. [Kaylyn R. Kirkpatrick and Thomas H. Shellhammer, Evidence of Dextrin Hydrolyzing Enzymes in Cascade21 Hops (Humulus lupulus)]

完整的侦探故事刊登在《农业与食品化学杂志》上。

And, in case you're wondering, Shellhammer's palate does align22 with his academic interests: "I'm kind of intrigued23 by the hazy24, juicy IPA thing that's going on right now. I'm also a fan of sort of traditional old school IPAs." He’s the rare professor whose students use IPAs to raise their GPAs.

如果你想知道,Shellhammer的口味和他的学术兴趣是一致的:“我对现在正在进行的朦胧而有趣的IPA很感兴趣。我也是传统老式IPAs的粉丝。他是少有的教授,他的学生使用IPAs来提高他们的gpa。


点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 hop vdJzL     
n.单脚跳,跳跃;vi.单脚跳,跳跃;着手做某事;vt.跳跃,跃过
参考例句:
  • The children had a competition to see who could hop the fastest.孩子们举行比赛,看谁单足跳跃最快。
  • How long can you hop on your right foot?你用右脚能跳多远?
2 hops a6b9236bf6c7a3dfafdbc0709208acc0     
跳上[下]( hop的第三人称单数 ); 单足蹦跳; 齐足(或双足)跳行; 摘葎草花
参考例句:
  • The sparrow crossed the lawn in a series of hops. 那麻雀一蹦一跳地穿过草坪。
  • It is brewed from malt and hops. 它用麦精和蛇麻草酿成。
3 brew kWezK     
v.酿造,调制
参考例句:
  • Let's brew up some more tea.咱们沏些茶吧。
  • The policeman dispelled the crowd lest they should brew trouble.警察驱散人群,因恐他们酿祸。
4 brewing eaabd83324a59add9a6769131bdf81b5     
n. 酿造, 一次酿造的量 动词brew的现在分词形式
参考例句:
  • It was obvious that a big storm was brewing up. 很显然,一场暴风雨正在酝酿中。
  • She set about brewing some herb tea. 她动手泡一些药茶。
5 fermenting fdd52e85d75b46898edb910a097ddbf6     
v.(使)发酵( ferment的现在分词 );(使)激动;骚动;骚扰
参考例句:
  • The fermenting wine has bubbled up and over the top. 发酵的葡萄酒已经冒泡,溢了出来。 来自辞典例句
  • It must be processed through methods like boiling, grinding or fermenting. 它必须通过煮沸、研磨、或者发酵等方法加工。 来自互联网
6 yeast 7VIzu     
n.酵母;酵母片;泡沫;v.发酵;起泡沫
参考例句:
  • Yeast can be used in making beer and bread.酵母可用于酿啤酒和发面包。
  • The yeast began to work.酵母开始发酵。
7 belch GuazY     
v.打嗝,喷出
参考例句:
  • Cucumber makes me belch.黃瓜吃得我打嗝。
  • Plant chimneys belch out dense smoke.工厂的烟囱冒出滚滚浓烟。
8 meticulous A7TzJ     
adj.极其仔细的,一丝不苟的
参考例句:
  • We'll have to handle the matter with meticulous care.这事一点不能含糊。
  • She is meticulous in her presentation of facts.她介绍事实十分详细。
9 aromatic lv9z8     
adj.芳香的,有香味的
参考例句:
  • It has an agreeable aromatic smell.它有一种好闻的香味。
  • It is light,fruity aromatic and a perfect choice for ending a meal.它是口感轻淡,圆润,芳香的,用于结束一顿饭完美的选择。
10 enzymes 7881ad8ce9c83424f7874e70266ed2d8     
n. 酶,酵素
参考例句:
  • It was said that washing powders containing enzymes remove stains more efficiently. 据说加酶洗衣粉除污更有效。
  • Among the enzymes which are particularly effective are pepsin, papain. 在酶当中特别有效的是胃朊酶、木瓜酶。
11 starch YrAyK     
n.淀粉;vt.给...上浆
参考例句:
  • Corn starch is used as a thickener in stews.玉米淀粉在炖煮菜肴中被用作增稠剂。
  • I think there's too much starch in their diet.我看是他们的饮食里淀粉太多了。
12 fermentable 0440329f5048b3373ea575f726597a20     
adj.可发酵的,发酵性的
参考例句:
  • We will discuss fermentable fiber more in Part 5 of this series. 我们将会在这系列的部份5讨论沸腾的纤维更多。 来自互联网
  • The conditions of fermentable and enzymatic conversion of M14 were optimized. 对高活性突变株M14的细胞转化和发酵转化条件进行优化。 来自互联网
13 hoppy 1911a015a044125938557b2f2935b6ab     
(指海洋)波浪起伏的
参考例句:
  • The sea began getting choppy. 大海开始变得波涛起伏。
  • The choppy waves made handling the boats a tricky operation that day. 那天在滔滔的波浪里驾驶小舟着实费了一番手脚。
14 brewer brewer     
n. 啤酒制造者
参考例句:
  • Brewer is a very interesting man. 布鲁尔是一个很有趣的人。
  • I decided to quit my job to become a brewer. 我决定辞职,做一名酿酒人。
15 aromas 22108e13d76196351f5487c7c02f8109     
n.芳香( aroma的名词复数 );气味;风味;韵味
参考例句:
  • Intoxicating earth aromas induced lassitude and ethereal calm. 泥土的醉人的芳香叫人懒洋洋的,感到一种远离尘世的宁静。 来自辞典例句
  • Nose and elegant nose with attractive fruity, floral and citrus fruit aromas. 芳香:优雅、馥郁、迷人的柑橘属水果的果香及花的清香。 来自互联网
16 hopping hopping     
n. 跳跃 动词hop的现在分词形式
参考例句:
  • The clubs in town are really hopping. 城里的俱乐部真够热闹的。
  • I'm hopping over to Paris for the weekend. 我要去巴黎度周末。
17 deactivate oy8xP     
v.使无效;复员
参考例句:
  • Russia is deactivating some of its deadliest missiles.俄罗斯正在拆除其一些最危险的导弹。
  • I go through several complex steps to try to "deactivate" my profile.我尝试了那些复杂的步骤,试图“撤销”我的个人资料。
18 starches 4a2ff941018a19601cc0790704781df1     
n.淀粉( starch的名词复数 );含淀粉的食物;浆粉v.把(衣服、床单等)浆一浆( starch的第三人称单数 )
参考例句:
  • You should avoid sugars and starches. 你应避免吃糖和含淀粉的食物。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Cotton and rayon yarns are most often sized with water-insoluble starches. 棉和人造丝纱多用不溶于水的淀粉上浆。 来自互联网
19 yeasts 6b2eca0ad59a93e429f62e7251090f31     
酵母( yeast的名词复数 ); 酵母菌; 发面饼; 发酵粉
参考例句:
  • The basidiospores proliperate in a manner comparable to the multiplication of yeasts. 担孢子以一种可与酵母繁殖相比拟的方式进行增殖。
  • Wine yeasts can grow in sweet wines even after bottling. 装瓶以后葡萄酒酵母也能在甜葡萄酒中生长。
20 unleashing 8742c1b567c83ec8d9e14c8aeacbc729     
v.把(感情、力量等)释放出来,发泄( unleash的现在分词 )
参考例句:
  • Company logos: making people's life better by unleashing Cummins power. 公司理念:以康明斯动力建设更美好的生活! 来自互联网
  • Sooner or later the dam will burst, unleashing catastrophic destruction. 否则堤坝将崩溃,酿成灾难。 来自互联网
21 cascade Erazm     
n.小瀑布,喷流;层叠;vi.成瀑布落下
参考例句:
  • She watched the magnificent waterfall cascade down the mountainside.她看着壮观的瀑布从山坡上倾泻而下。
  • Her hair fell over her shoulders in a cascade of curls.她的卷发像瀑布一样垂在肩上。
22 align fKeyZ     
vt.使成一线,结盟,调节;vi.成一线,结盟
参考例句:
  • Align the ruler and the middle of the paper.使尺子与纸张的中部成一条直线。
  • There are signs that the prime minister is aligning himself with the liberals.有迹象表明首相正在与自由党人结盟。
23 intrigued 7acc2a75074482e2b408c60187e27c73     
adj.好奇的,被迷住了的v.搞阴谋诡计(intrigue的过去式);激起…的兴趣或好奇心;“intrigue”的过去式和过去分词
参考例句:
  • You've really intrigued me—tell me more! 你说的真有意思—再给我讲一些吧!
  • He was intrigued by her story. 他被她的故事迷住了。
24 hazy h53ya     
adj.有薄雾的,朦胧的;不肯定的,模糊的
参考例句:
  • We couldn't see far because it was so hazy.雾气蒙蒙妨碍了我们的视线。
  • I have a hazy memory of those early years.对那些早先的岁月我有着朦胧的记忆。
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TAG标签:   科学美国人60秒  英语听力  sss
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