新闻周刊:特朗普是如何打出(白人)种族牌并重塑民主党的(3)

“Americans must thoughtfully pursue an expanded, identity--conscious politics,” Georgia’s rising political star Stacey Abrams wrote recently in Foreign Affairs. “By embracing identity and its prickly, uncomfortable contours, Americans will become more likely to grow as one.”

“美国人必须深思熟虑地追求一种扩展的、有自我意识的政治，” 格鲁吉亚冉冉升起的政治新星斯泰西·艾布拉姆斯最近在《外交事务》上撰文写道。“通过接受身份认同及其棘手、不舒服的轮廓，美国人将更有可能成长为一个整体。”

Trump¹ is unique in the scale and depth of his appeal to WHITENESS, his sustained racially charged campaign to “Make America great again” UNMATCHED in modern political history.

特朗普对白人的吸引力在规模和深度上都是独一无二的，他为“让美国再次伟大起来”所进行的持续不断的充满种族主义色彩的竞选活动，在现代政治史上无人能及。

But there is one claimed identity that Democrats³ do not -embrace: the white one. And victory in 2020 might run directly through the states where it could play a decisive role.

但有一个民主党人声称不接受的身份：白人。2020年的胜利可能会直接通过各州，在这些州它可以发挥决定性的作用。

In 1964, after President Lyndon Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act, it’s said he turned to a key aide with an air of political resignation and lamented⁴, “We have lost the South for a generation.” Johnson was right, though his analysis was too narrow. In fact, that year, he became the last Democrat² to win the white vote nationally. Ever since, with the landmark⁵ legislation realigning the major political parties, race has increasingly become a tool, and indicator⁶, of political persuasion⁷.

1964年，林登·约翰逊总统签署民权法案后，据说他带着政治辞职的神情向一名重要助手表示哀悼，“我们失去南方的支持已经有一代人了。”约翰逊是对的，尽管他的分析过于狭隘。事实上，在那一年，他成为最后一个赢得全国白人选票的民主党人。从那时起，随着具有里程碑意义的立法对主要政党进行重组，种族日益成为政治说服的工具和指标。

To exploit racial resentments⁸ and capture white voters, Republicans dog-whistled away—sometimes shrilly⁹, sometimes gently. Richard Nixon declared a “war on crime.” Ronald Reagan went after “welfare queens.” George H.W. Bush conjured¹⁰ the specter of African-American prisoner Willie Horton, who raped¹¹ a white woman while on furlough. Democrats, in turn, pursued a series of measures, including tough sentencing laws, to prove themselves tough on crime and compete for the white vote. Hillary Clinton, in remarks many criticized for their racial overtones, famously spoke¹² of young -“superpredators” and the need “to bring them to heel.”

为了利用种族仇恨和争取白人选民，共和党人卷起口哨走开了——有时尖锐，有时温柔。理查德·尼克松宣布“向犯罪宣战”。罗纳德·里根追求的是“福利女王”。乔治·H.W.布什召唤出非裔美国囚犯威利·霍顿的幽灵，威利·霍顿在休假期间强奸了一名白人妇女。而民主党人则采取了一系列措施，包括严厉的量刑法，以证明他们在打击犯罪和争取白人选票方面的强硬立场。许多人批评希拉里·克林顿在讲话中带有种族色彩，其中有一句很有名的话是形容问题黑人学生的——“超级掠食者”，以及“让他们就范”的必要性。

But Trump is unique in the scale and depth of his appeal to whiteness, his sustained racially charged campaign to “make America great again” unmatched in modern political history.

但特朗普对白人的吸引力在规模和深度上都是独一无二的，他为“让美国再次伟大”而进行的持续充满种族色彩的竞选活动，在现代政治史上是无与伦比的。

And before the 2016 election, few appreciated the magnitude of the audience for such a message. According to Ashley Jardina, a Duke political scientist who studies whites and American politics, at least 40 percent of Caucasians acknowledge having some degree of “white identity,” a loose term that exists on a spectrum¹³. Racists who support hate groups like the Ku Klux Klan are a small minority of these so-called white identifiers, about 10 percent. The rest, she says, are usually more animated¹⁴ by political and economic forces. The common thread among white identifiers, she said, besides whiteness, is a sense of aggrievement.

在2016年大选之前，几乎没有人意识到观众对这类信息的重视。杜克大学研究白人和美国政治的政治学家阿什利·贾迪纳说，至少有40%的白种人承认自己有某种程度的“白人身份”，这是一个宽泛的术语，存在于各个阶层。支持三K党等仇恨组织的种族主义者，在这些所谓的白人标识中只占一小部分，约占10%。其余的，她说，通常是更活跃的政治和经济力量。她说，除了白皮肤以外，白人标识符之间的共同点是一种委屈感。

“When we think of racial prejudice, we think of antipathy¹⁵ toward people of color, a general sense of animus,” Jardina says. “There is a subset of people in the U.S. who feel their white race is important to them and feel the demographics are changing and the privileges and advantages that they have are under attack. That is different from ‘I just don’t like black people.’” She acknowledges that there is a relationship, “but it’s not the same thing, although the consequences of these two attitudes might sometimes be the same.”

“提到种族偏见，我们会想到对有色人种的反感，一种普遍的敌意，” 贾迪纳说。“在美国，有一小部分人认为他们的白人种族对他们很重要，他们觉得人口结构正在发生变化，他们拥有的特权和优势受到了攻击。这与‘我就是不喜欢黑人’不同。”她承认二者之间有关系，“但这不是一回事，尽管这两种态度的后果有时可能是相同的。”

Eddie Glaude, a Princeton University religion professor who writes about race and politics, is less generous; he considers any level of white identity as racism¹⁶ by another name. “White identity is this investment in the belief that because of the color of one’s skin, one should be accorded more benefits than others,” he says. “Society organizes around the belief that whites matter more than others, and white identity is thrown into crisis when it seems as though that is no longer true.”

普林斯顿大宗教学教授埃迪?格劳德就没这么慷慨了。他认为任何程度的白人身份都是种族主义的别称。“白人身份是这样一种信念的投资：由于一个人的肤色，他应该比其他人得到更多的好处，”他说。“社会围绕着这样一种信念组织起来：白人比其他人更重要，当白人身份似乎不再正确时，它就会陷入危机。”

1 trump   

n.王牌，法宝；v.打出王牌，吹喇叭

参考例句：

• He was never able to trump up the courage to have a showdown.他始终鼓不起勇气摊牌。
• The coach saved his star player for a trump card.教练保留他的明星选手，作为他的王牌。

2 democrat   

n.民主主义者，民主人士；民主党党员

参考例句：

• The Democrat and the Public criticized each other.民主党人和共和党人互相攻击。
• About two years later,he was defeated by Democrat Jimmy Carter.大约两年后，他被民主党人杰米卡特击败。

3 democrats   

n.民主主义者，民主人士( democrat的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The Democrats held a pep rally on Capitol Hill yesterday. 民主党昨天在国会山召开了竞选誓师大会。
• The democrats organize a filibuster in the senate. 民主党党员组织了阻挠议事。 来自《简明英汉词典》

4 lamented   

adj.被哀悼的，令人遗憾的v.（为…）哀悼，痛哭，悲伤( lament的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• her late lamented husband 她那令人怀念的已故的丈夫
• We lamented over our bad luck. 我们为自己的不幸而悲伤。 来自《简明英汉词典》

5 landmark   

n.陆标，划时代的事，地界标

参考例句：

• The Russian Revolution represents a landmark in world history.俄国革命是世界历史上的一个里程碑。
• The tower was once a landmark for ships.这座塔曾是船只的陆标。

6 indicator   

n.指标；指示物，指示者；指示器

参考例句：

• Gold prices are often seen as an indicator of inflation.黃金价格常常被看作是通货膨胀的指标。
• His left-hand indicator is flashing.他左手边的转向灯正在闪亮。

7 persuasion   

n.劝说；说服；持有某种信仰的宗派

参考例句：

• He decided to leave only after much persuasion.经过多方劝说，他才决定离开。
• After a lot of persuasion,she agreed to go.经过多次劝说后，她同意去了。

8 resentments   

（因受虐待而）愤恨，不满，怨恨( resentment的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• He could never transcend his resentments and his complexes. 他从来不能把他的怨恨和感情上的症结置之度外。
• These local resentments burst into open revolt. 地方性反感变成公开暴动。

9 shrilly   

尖声的； 光亮的，耀眼的

参考例句：

• The librarian threw back his head and laughed shrilly. 图书管理员把头往后面一仰，尖着嗓子哈哈大笑。
• He half rose in his seat, whistling shrilly between his teeth, waving his hand. 他从车座上半欠起身子，低声打了一个尖锐的唿哨，一面挥挥手。

10 conjured   

用魔术变出( conjure的过去式和过去分词 )； 祈求，恳求； 变戏法； （变魔术般地） 使…出现

参考例句：

• He conjured them with his dying breath to look after his children. 他临终时恳求他们照顾他的孩子。
• His very funny joke soon conjured my anger away. 他讲了个十分有趣的笑话，使得我的怒气顿消。

11 raped   

v.以暴力夺取，强夺( rape的过去式和过去分词 )；强奸

参考例句：

• A young woman was brutally raped in her own home. 一名年轻女子在自己家中惨遭强暴。 来自辞典例句
• We got stick together, or we will be having our women raped. 我们得团结一致，不然我们的妻女就会遭到蹂躏。 来自辞典例句

12 spoke   

n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说

参考例句：

• They sourced the spoke nuts from our company.他们的轮辐螺帽是从我们公司获得的。
• The spokes of a wheel are the bars that connect the outer ring to the centre.辐条是轮子上连接外圈与中心的条棒。

13 spectrum   

n.谱，光谱，频谱；范围，幅度，系列

参考例句：

• This is a kind of atomic spectrum.这是一种原子光谱。
• We have known much of the constitution of the solar spectrum.关于太阳光谱的构成，我们已了解不少。

14 animated   

adj.生气勃勃的，活跃的，愉快的

参考例句：

• His observations gave rise to an animated and lively discussion.他的言论引起了一场气氛热烈而活跃的讨论。
• We had an animated discussion over current events last evening.昨天晚上我们热烈地讨论时事。

15 antipathy   

n.憎恶；反感，引起反感的人或事物

参考例句：

• I feel an antipathy against their behaviour.我对他们的行为很反感。
• Some people have an antipathy to cats.有的人讨厌猫。

16 racism   

n.民族主义；种族歧视(意识)

参考例句：

• He said that racism is endemic in this country.他说种族主义在该国很普遍。
• Racism causes political instability and violence.种族主义道致政治动荡和暴力事件。