经济学人:公司理论:科斯集结令(3)
In 1991 Coase was awarded the Nobel prize for economics, largely on the strength of these two papers. 1991年，主要是因为这两篇论文的力量，科斯荣获了诺贝尔经济学奖。 But as late as 1972, he lamented that The nature of the
经济学人:公司理论:科斯集结令(4)
Spot markets cover most transactions. 现货市场涵盖了大多数交易。 Once money is exchanged for goods, the deal is completed. 一旦货币被换成商品，交易即告完成。 The transaction is simple: one party wants, another supplies. 这
经济学人:公司理论:科斯集结令(5)
When output is the result of a team effort, it is hard to put the necessary tasks out to the market. 当产出是团队努力的结果时，把必要的任务交与市场很难。 That is because it is tricky to measure the contribution of each membe
经济学人:公司理论:协议是怎样构成的(1)
But Messrs Grossman and Hart identified a next-best solution: the party that brings the most to any venture in terms of non-contractible effort should own the key assets, 但是，格罗斯曼和哈特认同了一种次佳的解决方案：在不可合
经济学人:公司理论:协议是怎样构成的(2)
One insight from the literature is that a tightly specified contract can have perverse outcomes. 一种来自文学的深刻见解是，有严格规定的合约可能带来事与愿违的结果。 If teachers are paid according to test results, they
经济学人:人力资本:人的捍卫者(1)
Economics Brief 经济学简介 Six Big Ideas 六大经济理论 Human capital: The people's champion 人力资本：人的捍卫者 Gary Becker made humans the central focus of economics. The second in our series on big economic ideas. 贝克尔让人
经济学人:人力资本:人的捍卫者(2)
Arthur Pigou, a British economist who is credited with coining the term human capital, 亚瑟庇古(Arthur Pigou)，这位被誉为是首创了人力资本这一词语的英国经济学家相信， believed there would be an under-supply of trained w
经济学人:人力资本:教育的长久回报期(1)
But this was just the beginning of his analysis. 但是，这仅仅是他的分析的起点。 Becker observed that people do acquire general human capital, but they often do so at their own expense, rather than that of employers. 贝克尔注意到，
经济学人:人力资本:教育的长久回报期(2)
Human capital could also be applied to topics beyond returns to individuals from education. 人力资本还可以被应用于个人教育回报之外的多种话题。 The idea was a powerful variable in explaining why some countries fared far better
经济学人:人力资本:公立大学的学费问题(1)
Becker himself highlighted research findings that one quarter of the rise in per-person incomes from 1929 to 1982 in America was because of increases in schooling. 贝克尔本人强调了美国的人均收入在1929年到1982间的提高中的四分之
经济学人:人力资本:公立大学的学费问题(2)
Yet, concerned by mounting inequality in America, he thought that more should be done to invest in early childhood education and improve the state of schools. 然而，出于对美国不断上升的不平等的担忧，他认为，应当加大在儿童
经济学人:过剩学问:产能过剩和产能不足(1)
Economics Brief 经济学简介 Six Big Ideas: Overcapacity and undercapacity 六大经济学理论：产能过剩和产能不足 Glutology 过剩的学问 The third brief in our series on big economice ideas looks at Say's law 我们有关重大经济
经济学人:过剩学问:产能过剩和产能不足(2)
In Britain the Luddites broke stocking frames to stop machines taking their jobs. 在英国，卢德派分子已经开始破坏织袜机，以阻止机器抢了他们的饭碗。 On the other hand, global demand was damaged by failed ventures in Sout
经济学人:过剩学问:经济体的宏观与微观(3)
To grasp Say's point requires two intellectual jumps. 理解萨伊的要点需要两种学术方面的提升。 The first is to see past money, which can obscure what is really going on in an economy. 首先，要看透钱，它能够屏蔽经济体中
经济学人:过剩学问:萨伊定律(4)
Subsequent economists have tried to make sense of Say's law in the following way. 后来的经济学家试图用下面这种方式理解萨伊定律。 Imagine an economy that consists only of shoes and hats. 假设一个经济体，它仅由鞋子和帽
